1. 备份策略
– 重要文件备份前先验证
– 使用时间戳命名备份文件
– 保留多个历史版本
– 定期清理旧备份

2. 迁移策略
– 大文件使用rsync替代cp
– 保留文件属性和权限
– 验证复制完整性
– 记录迁移日志

3. 同步策略
– 使用-u选项只复制更新的文件
– 使用rsync实现增量同步
– 避免重复复制相同内容

4. 安全策略
– 使用-i选项避免误覆盖
– 重要操作前先测试
– 验证目标路径正确性

1. 大文件复制
– 使用rsync替代cp
– 显示进度：rsync -av –progress
– 支持断点续传

2. 大量小文件
– 使用tar打包后复制
– 使用find + cpio
– 使用rsync -a

3. 跨文件系统复制
– 使用rsync -av
– 保留所有属性
– 支持增量复制

4. 性能对比
# 小文件
time cp -r small_files/ /dest/

# 大文件
time rsync -av large_file /dest/

# 大量文件
time tar cf – source/ | (cd /dest && tar xf -)

# 1. 复制文件
# cp source.txt dest.txt
# ls -l dest.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 dest.txt

# 2. 复制文件到目录
# cp source.txt /tmp/
# ls -l /tmp/source.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 /tmp/source.txt

# 3. 复制多个文件到目录
# cp file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt /tmp/
# ls -l /tmp/file*.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 /tmp/file1.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 /tmp/file2.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 /tmp/file3.txt

# 4. 复制目录
# mkdir -p source_dir/sub_dir
# touch source_dir/file1.txt source_dir/sub_dir/file2.txt
# cp -r source_dir dest_dir
# ls -R dest_dir
dest_dir:
file1.txt sub_dir

dest_dir/sub_dir:
file2.txt

# 5. 复制前确认
# cp -i source.txt dest.txt
cp: overwrite ‘dest.txt’? y

# 6. 强制复制
# cp -f source.txt dest.txt

# 7. 显示复制过程
# cp -v source.txt dest.txt
‘source.txt’ -> ‘dest.txt’

# 8. 只复制更新的文件
# cp -u source.txt dest.txt
# 如果source.txt比dest.txt新才复制

# 9. 使用通配符复制
# cp *.txt /tmp/
# cp file[0-9].txt /tmp/

# 10. 复制隐藏文件
# cp -r sourcedir/. destdir/
# 注意：这会复制sourcedir中的所有文件到destdir

# 1. 保留文件属性
# cp -p source.txt dest.txt
# ls -l source.txt dest.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 user group 1234 Apr 2 10:00 source.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 user group 1234 Apr 2 10:00 dest.txt

# 2. 归档模式复制
# cp -a source_dir dest_dir
# 保留所有属性：权限、时间戳、所有者、符号链接等

# 3. 创建硬链接
# cp -l source.txt hardlink.txt
# ls -li source.txt hardlink.txt
1234567 -rw-r–r–. 2 user group 1234 Apr 2 10:00 hardlink.txt
1234567 -rw-r–r–. 2 user group 1234 Apr 2 10:00 source.txt

# 4. 创建符号链接
# cp -s source.txt symlink.txt
# ls -l symlink.txt
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Apr 2 16:00 symlink.txt -> source.txt

# 5. 覆盖前备份
# cp -b source.txt dest.txt
# ls -l dest.txt*
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 16:00 dest.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 1234 Apr 2 10:00 dest.txt~

# 指定备份后缀
# cp -b –suffix=.bak source.txt dest.txt

# 6. 保留指定属性
# cp –preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps source.txt dest.txt

# 7. 复制时显示进度
# rsync -av –progress source.txt /tmp/
sending incremental file list
source.txt
1234 100% 0.00kB/s 0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=0/1)

sent 1,356 bytes received 35 bytes 2,782.00 bytes/sec
total size is 1,234 speedup is 0.89

# 8. 复制并验证
# cp source.txt dest.txt && md5sum source.txt dest.txt
a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8i9j0k1l2m3n4o5p6 source.txt
a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8i9j0k1l2m3n4o5p6 dest.txt

# 9. 复制时修改权限
# cp –no-preserve=mode source.txt dest.txt
# 使用默认权限而非源文件权限

# 10. 复制符号链接指向的文件
# cp -L symlink.txt dest.txt
# 复制符号链接指向的实际文件，而非链接本身

# 11. 复制时保留符号链接
# cp -P symlink.txt dest.txt
# 复制符号链接本身，而非指向的文件

# 12. 复制目录时排除特定文件
# rsync -av –exclude=’*.log’ source_dir/ dest_dir/

# 案例1：配置文件备份脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/backup_config.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash CONFIG_FILE=$1 if [ -z "$CONFIG_FILE" ]; then echo "用法: $0 <配置文件>”
exit 1
fi

if [ ! -f “$CONFIG_FILE” ]; then
echo “文件不存在: $CONFIG_FILE”
exit 1
fi

BACKUP_DIR=”/backup/config”
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
BASENAME=$(basename “$CONFIG_FILE”)
BACKUP_FILE=”$BACKUP_DIR/${BASENAME}.$TIMESTAMP”

mkdir -p “$BACKUP_DIR”

# 备份文件
cp -pv “$CONFIG_FILE” “$BACKUP_FILE”

# 保留最近10个备份
cd “$BACKUP_DIR”
ls -t ${BASENAME}.* | tail -n +11 | xargs rm -f 2>/dev/null

echo “备份完成: $BACKUP_FILE”
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/backup_config.sh

# 案例2：目录迁移脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/migrate_dir.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash SOURCE_DIR=$1 DEST_DIR=$2 if [ -z "$SOURCE_DIR" ] || [ -z "$DEST_DIR" ]; then echo "用法: $0 <源目录> <目标目录>”
exit 1
fi

if [ ! -d “$SOURCE_DIR” ]; then
echo “源目录不存在: $SOURCE_DIR”
exit 1
fi

echo “开始迁移: $SOURCE_DIR -> $DEST_DIR”

# 统计文件数量
FILE_COUNT=$(find “$SOURCE_DIR” -type f | wc -l)
echo “文件总数: $FILE_COUNT”

# 复制目录
cp -av “$SOURCE_DIR” “$DEST_DIR”

# 验证复制
DEST_FILE_COUNT=$(find “$DEST_DIR” -type f | wc -l)
if [ “$FILE_COUNT” -eq “$DEST_FILE_COUNT” ]; then
echo “迁移成功！文件数量一致: $DEST_FILE_COUNT”
else
echo “警告: 文件数量不一致！源: $FILE_COUNT, 目标: $DEST_FILE_COUNT”
fi
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/migrate_dir.sh

# 案例3：批量复制脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/batch_copy.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash SOURCE_DIR=$1 DEST_DIR=$2 PATTERN=${3:-"*"} if [ -z "$SOURCE_DIR" ] || [ -z "$DEST_DIR" ]; then echo "用法: $0 <源目录> <目标目录> [文件模式]”
exit 1
fi

mkdir -p “$DEST_DIR”

echo “从 $SOURCE_DIR 复制匹配 $PATTERN 的文件到 $DEST_DIR”

# 查找并复制
find “$SOURCE_DIR” -type f -name “$PATTERN” -exec cp -v {} “$DEST_DIR/” \;

echo “复制完成！”
ls -lh “$DEST_DIR”
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/batch_copy.sh

# 场景：备份系统重要配置文件

# 1. 创建配置文件备份脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/backup_system_config.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash BACKUP_ROOT="/backup/system-config" TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S) BACKUP_DIR="$BACKUP_ROOT/$TIMESTAMP" # 创建备份目录 mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"/{etc,sysconfig,nginx,httpd,mysql,ssh} echo "=========================================" echo "系统配置文件备份" echo "时间: $(date)" echo "备份目录: $BACKUP_DIR" echo "=========================================" # 备份/etc目录下的重要配置 echo "备份/etc配置文件..." cp -av /etc/passwd "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/shadow "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/group "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/gshadow "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/fstab "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/hosts "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/resolv.conf "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/sysctl.conf "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" cp -av /etc/crontab "$BACKUP_DIR/etc/" # 备份网络配置 if [ -d /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ]; then echo "备份网络配置..." cp -av /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-* "$BACKUP_DIR/sysconfig/" fi # 备份SSH配置 if [ -d /etc/ssh ]; then echo "备份SSH配置..." cp -av /etc/ssh/sshd_config "$BACKUP_DIR/ssh/" cp -av /etc/ssh/ssh_config "$BACKUP_DIR/ssh/" fi # 备份Nginx配置 if [ -d /etc/nginx ]; then echo "备份Nginx配置..." cp -av /etc/nginx/nginx.conf "$BACKUP_DIR/nginx/" cp -av /etc/nginx/conf.d "$BACKUP_DIR/nginx/" fi # 备份Apache配置 if [ -d /etc/httpd ]; then echo "备份Apache配置..." cp -av /etc/httpd/conf "$BACKUP_DIR/httpd/" cp -av /etc/httpd/conf.d "$BACKUP_DIR/httpd/" fi # 备份MySQL配置 if [ -f /etc/my.cnf ]; then echo "备份MySQL配置..." cp -av /etc/my.cnf "$BACKUP_DIR/mysql/" if [ -d /etc/my.cnf.d ]; then cp -av /etc/my.cnf.d "$BACKUP_DIR/mysql/" fi fi # 创建备份信息文件 cat > “$BACKUP_DIR/backup_info.txt” << INFO 备份信息 ======== 备份时间: $(date) 备份主机: $(hostname) 系统版本: $(cat /etc/redhat-release) 内核版本: $(uname -r) 备份内容: - 系统配置文件 - 网络配置 - SSH配置 - Web服务器配置 - 数据库配置 备份大小: $(du -sh "$BACKUP_DIR" | cut -f1) INFO # 打包备份 cd "$BACKUP_ROOT" tar -czf "$TIMESTAMP.tar.gz" "$TIMESTAMP" rm -rf "$TIMESTAMP" echo "=========================================" echo "备份完成！" echo "备份文件: $BACKUP_ROOT/$TIMESTAMP.tar.gz" echo "备份大小: $(du -sh "$BACKUP_ROOT/$TIMESTAMP.tar.gz" | cut -f1)" echo "=========================================" # 清理旧备份（保留最近7个） cd "$BACKUP_ROOT" ls -t *.tar.gz | tail -n +8 | xargs rm -f 2>/dev/null
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/backup_system_config.sh

# 2. 执行备份
# /usr/local/bin/backup_system_config.sh
=========================================
系统配置文件备份
时间: Fri Apr 2 16:30:00 CST 2026
备份目录: /backup/system-config/20260402_163000
=========================================
备份/etc配置文件…
‘/etc/passwd’ -> ‘/backup/system-config/20260402_163000/etc/passwd’
‘/etc/shadow’ -> ‘/backup/system-config/20260402_163000/etc/shadow’
‘/etc/group’ -> ‘/backup/system-config/20260402_163000/etc/group’
…
‘/etc/nginx/nginx.conf’ -> ‘/backup/system-config/20260402_163000/nginx/nginx.conf’
…
=========================================
备份完成！
备份文件: /backup/system-config/20260402_163000.tar.gz
备份大小: 1.2M
=========================================

# 场景：将应用目录迁移到新存储

# 1. 创建迁移脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/migrate_application.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash SOURCE_DIR=$1 DEST_DIR=$2 if [ -z "$SOURCE_DIR" ] || [ -z "$DEST_DIR" ]; then echo "用法: $0 <源目录> <目标目录>”
exit 1
fi

if [ ! -d “$SOURCE_DIR” ]; then
echo “源目录不存在: $SOURCE_DIR”
exit 1
fi

LOG_FILE=”/var/log/migration_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).log”

log() {
echo “[$(date ‘+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S’)] $1” | tee -a “$LOG_FILE”
}

log “=========================================”
log “目录迁移开始”
log “源目录: $SOURCE_DIR”
log “目标目录: $DEST_DIR”
log “=========================================”

# 统计源目录信息
log “统计源目录信息…”
SOURCE_SIZE=$(du -sh “$SOURCE_DIR” | cut -f1)
SOURCE_FILES=$(find “$SOURCE_DIR” -type f | wc -l)
SOURCE_DIRS=$(find “$SOURCE_DIR” -type d | wc -l)

log “源目录大小: $SOURCE_SIZE”
log “文件数量: $SOURCE_FILES”
log “目录数量: $SOURCE_DIRS”

# 检查目标磁盘空间
DEST_DISK=$(df -h “$(dirname “$DEST_DIR”)” | tail -1 | awk ‘{print $4}’)
log “目标磁盘可用空间: $DEST_DISK”

# 创建目标目录
log “创建目标目录…”
mkdir -p “$DEST_DIR”

# 使用rsync复制（显示进度）
log “开始复制文件…”
rsync -av –progress “$SOURCE_DIR/” “$DEST_DIR/” 2>&1 | tee -a “$LOG_FILE”

# 验证复制
log “验证复制结果…”
DEST_SIZE=$(du -sh “$DEST_DIR” | cut -f1)
DEST_FILES=$(find “$DEST_DIR” -type f | wc -l)
DEST_DIRS=$(find “$DEST_DIR” -type d | wc -l)

log “目标目录大小: $DEST_SIZE”
log “文件数量: $DEST_FILES”
log “目录数量: $DEST_DIRS”

# 比较文件数量
if [ “$SOURCE_FILES” -eq “$DEST_FILES” ]; then
log “[成功] 文件数量一致”
else
log “[警告] 文件数量不一致！源: $SOURCE_FILES, 目标: $DEST_FILES”
fi

# 创建迁移完成标记
touch “$DEST_DIR/.migration_complete_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)”

log “=========================================”
log “目录迁移完成”
log “=========================================”
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/migrate_application.sh

# 2. 执行迁移
# /usr/local/bin/migrate_application.sh /opt/app /data/app
=========================================
目录迁移开始
源目录: /opt/app
目标目录: /data/app
=========================================
统计源目录信息…
源目录大小: 5.2G
文件数量: 12345
目录数量: 567
目标磁盘可用空间: 100G
创建目标目录…
开始复制文件…
sending incremental file list
…
sent 5.20G bytes received 12,345 bytes 10.40M bytes/sec
total size is 5.20G speedup is 1.00
验证复制结果…
目标目录大小: 5.2G
文件数量: 12345
目录数量: 567
[成功] 文件数量一致
=========================================
目录迁移完成
=========================================

# 场景：批量复制日志文件到归档目录

# 1. 创建批量复制脚本
# cat > /usr/local/bin/archive_logs.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash LOG_DIR=$1 ARCHIVE_DIR=${2:-"/archive/logs"} DAYS=${3:-7} if [ -z "$LOG_DIR" ]; then echo "用法: $0 <日志目录> [归档目录] [天数]”
exit 1
fi

TIMESTAMP=$(date +%Y%m%d)
ARCHIVE_PATH=”$ARCHIVE_DIR/$TIMESTAMP”

echo “=========================================”
echo “日志归档”
echo “源目录: $LOG_DIR”
echo “归档目录: $ARCHIVE_PATH”
echo “归档天数: $DAYS 天前的文件”
echo “=========================================”

# 创建归档目录
mkdir -p “$ARCHIVE_PATH”

# 查找并复制日志文件
echo “查找需要归档的日志文件…”
find “$LOG_DIR” -type f -name “*.log” -mtime +$DAYS -print | while read logfile; do
# 获取相对路径
REL_PATH=${logfile#$LOG_DIR/}
DEST_PATH=”$ARCHIVE_PATH/$REL_PATH”

# 创建目标目录
mkdir -p “$(dirname “$DEST_PATH”)”

# 复制文件
cp -pv “$logfile” “$DEST_PATH”

# 压缩原文件
gzip “$logfile”
done

# 统计归档结果
ARCHIVED_COUNT=$(find “$ARCHIVE_PATH” -type f | wc -l)
ARCHIVED_SIZE=$(du -sh “$ARCHIVE_PATH” | cut -f1)

echo “”
echo “=========================================”
echo “归档完成”
echo “归档文件数: $ARCHIVED_COUNT”
echo “归档大小: $ARCHIVED_SIZE”
echo “归档位置: $ARCHIVE_PATH”
echo “=========================================”

# 打包归档目录
cd “$ARCHIVE_DIR”
tar -czf “$TIMESTAMP.tar.gz” “$TIMESTAMP”
rm -rf “$TIMESTAMP”

echo “压缩包: $ARCHIVE_DIR/$TIMESTAMP.tar.gz”
EOF

# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/archive_logs.sh

# 2. 执行归档
# /usr/local/bin/archive_logs.sh /var/log /archive/logs 7
=========================================
日志归档
源目录: /var/log
归档目录: /archive/logs/20260402
归档天数: 7 天前的文件
=========================================
查找需要归档的日志文件…
‘/var/log/messages-20260326’ -> ‘/archive/logs/20260402/messages-20260326’
‘/var/log/secure-20260326’ -> ‘/archive/logs/20260402/secure-20260326’
‘/var/log/cron-20260326’ -> ‘/archive/logs/20260402/cron-20260326’
…

=========================================
归档完成
归档文件数: 45
归档大小: 125M
归档位置: /archive/logs/20260402
=========================================
压缩包: /archive/logs/20260402.tar.gz