# 系统备份与恢复的主要内容
# 文件备份：备份重要文件和目录
# 系统备份：备份整个系统
# 数据库备份：备份数据库数据
# 增量备份：只备份变化的数据
# 差异备份：备份自上次完整备份以来的变化
# 备份恢复：从备份中恢复数据

# 文件备份

# 1. 使用tar备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# tar -czf /backup/data-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /data
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names

# 2. 查看备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh /backup/
total 100M
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 data-20260403.tar.gz

# 3. 使用tar备份并压缩
[root@localhost ~]# tar -cjf /backup/data-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.bz2 /data
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names

# 4. 使用rsync备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# rsync -avz /data/ /backup/data/
sending incremental file list
./
file1.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt

sent 123,456 bytes received 57 bytes 246,926.00 bytes/sec
total size is 123,456 speedup is 1.00

# 5. 使用rsync增量备份
[root@localhost ~]# rsync -avz –delete /data/ /backup/data/
sending incremental file list
./
file4.txt
deleting file3.txt

sent 123,456 bytes received 57 bytes 246,926.00 bytes/sec
total size is 123,456 speedup is 1.00

# 6. 使用cpio备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# find /data -type f | cpio -o > /backup/data.cpio
123456 blocks

# 7. 使用dd备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/data/file1.txt of=/backup/file1.txt bs=1M
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.001234 s, 850 MB/s

# 系统备份

# 1. 使用tar备份整个系统
[root@localhost ~]# tar -czf /backup/system-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz –exclude=/backup –exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev –exclude=/tmp –exclude=/run –exclude=/mnt –exclude=/media –exclude=/lost+found /
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names

# 2. 查看备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh /backup/
total 10G
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 10G Apr 3 10:00 system-20260403.tar.gz

# 3. 使用rsync备份整个系统
[root@localhost ~]# rsync -avz –delete –exclude=/backup –exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev –exclude=/tmp –exclude=/run –exclude=/mnt –exclude=/media –exclude=/lost+found / /backup/system/
sending incremental file list
./
bin/
boot/
dev/
etc/
home/
lib/
lib64/
media/
mnt/
opt/
proc/
root/
run/
sbin/
srv/
sys/
tmp/
usr/
var/

sent 123,456,789 bytes received 123,456 bytes 246,913,478.00 bytes/sec
total size is 123,456,789 speedup is 1.00

# 4. 使用Clonezilla备份系统
[root@localhost ~]# clonezilla -batch -o /backup/system.img
Clonezilla 20260403-groovy

Starting Clonezilla…
Saving disk image to /backup/system.img
Disk image saved successfully.

# 5. 使用dd备份磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/backup/sda.img bs=4M status=progress
1234567890 bytes (1.2 GB, 1.2 GiB) copied, 10.1234 s, 122 MB/s
293026+0 records in
293026+0 records out
1226833920 bytes (1.2 GB, 1.2 GiB) copied, 10.1234 s, 121 MB/s

# 6. 使用partimage备份分区
[root@localhost ~]# partimage -b -o /backup/sda1.img /dev/sda1
PartImage 0.6.9
Saving partition /dev/sda1 to /backup/sda1.img
Partition saved successfully.

# 数据库备份

# 1. 备份MySQL数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p mydb > /backup/mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
Enter password:

# 2. 查看备份文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh /backup/
total 100M
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 mydb-20260403.sql

# 3. 备份所有MySQL数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p –all-databases > /backup/all-databases-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql
Enter password:

# 4. 备份MySQL数据库并压缩
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p mydb | gzip > /backup/mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql.gz
Enter password:

# 5. 使用mysqlhotcopy备份MySQL数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqlhotcopy -u root -p mydb /backup/mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d)
Enter password:
Locked 0 tables in 0 seconds.
Flushed 0 tables in 0 seconds.
Copied 0 tables in 0 seconds.
Copied 0 rows in 0 seconds.

# 6. 备份PostgreSQL数据库
[root@localhost ~]# pg_dump -U postgres mydb > /backup/mydb-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# 7. 备份所有PostgreSQL数据库
[root@localhost ~]# pg_dumpall -U postgres > /backup/all-databases-$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# 8. 备份MongoDB数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mongodump -u admin -p –authenticationDatabase admin -d mydb -o /backup/mongodb-$(date +%Y%m%d)
Enter password:
2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 writing mydb.collection1 to /backup/mongodb-20260403/mydb/collection1.bson
2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 done dumping mydb.collection1 (123456 documents)
2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 writing mydb.collection2 to /backup/mongodb-20260403/mydb/collection2.bson
2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 done dumping mydb.collection2 (123456 documents)

风哥提示：

5. 备份恢复

从备份中恢复数据。

# 备份恢复

# 1. 从tar备份恢复文件
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xzf /backup/data-20260403.tar.gz -C /
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /data/
total 100M
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 file1.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 file2.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 file3.txt

# 2. 从rsync备份恢复文件
[root@localhost ~]# rsync -avz /backup/data/ /data/
sending incremental file list
./
file1.txt
file2.txt
file3.txt

sent 123,456 bytes received 57 bytes 246,926.00 bytes/sec
total size is 123,456 speedup is 1.00

# 3. 从MySQL备份恢复数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p mydb < /backup/mydb-20260403.sql Enter password: # 4. 从PostgreSQL备份恢复数据库 [root@localhost ~]# psql -U postgres mydb < /backup/mydb-20260403.sql # 5. 从MongoDB备份恢复数据库 [root@localhost ~]# mongorestore -u admin -p --authenticationDatabase admin -d mydb /backup/mongodb-20260403/mydb Enter password: 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 restoring collection1 from /backup/mongodb-20260403/mydb/collection1.bson 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 no indexes to restore 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 finished restoring mydb.collection1 (123456 documents) 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 restoring collection2 from /backup/mongodb-20260403/mydb/collection2.bson 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 no indexes to restore 2026-04-03T10:00:00.000+0800 finished restoring mydb.collection2 (123456 documents) # 6. 从dd备份恢复磁盘 [root@localhost ~]# dd if=/backup/sda.img of=/dev/sda bs=4M status=progress 1234567890 bytes (1.2 GB, 1.2 GiB) copied, 10.1234 s, 122 MB/s 293026+0 records in 293026+0 records out 1226833920 bytes (1.2 GB, 1.2 GiB) copied, 10.1234 s, 121 MB/s # 7. 从partimage备份恢复分区 [root@localhost ~]# partimage -r /backup/sda1.img /dev/sda1 PartImage 0.6.9 Restoring partition /dev/sda1 from /backup/sda1.img Partition restored successfully.

# 实战案例：系统备份与恢复

# 1. 创建备份脚本
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /usr/local/bin/backup.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash # script.sh # from:www.itpux.com.qq113257174.wx:itpux-com # web: http://www.fgedu.net.cn # 备份脚本 BACKUP_DIR="/backup" DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d) LOG_FILE="/var/log/backup.log" # 记录日志函数 log() { echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> $LOG_FILE
}

# 创建备份目录
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

# 备份文件
backup_files() {
log “Backing up files…”

tar -czf $BACKUP_DIR/data-$DATE.tar.gz /data
log “Files backed up to $BACKUP_DIR/data-$DATE.tar.gz”
}

# 备份数据库
backup_databases() {
log “Backing up databases…”

# 备份MySQL数据库
mysqldump -u root -p’password’ –all-databases | gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$DATE.sql.gz
log “MySQL databases backed up to $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$DATE.sql.gz”

# 备份PostgreSQL数据库
pg_dumpall -U postgres | gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$DATE.sql.gz
log “PostgreSQL databases backed up to $BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$DATE.sql.gz”
}

# 清理旧备份
cleanup_old_backups() {
log “Cleaning up old backups…”

find $BACKUP_DIR -name “*.tar.gz” -mtime +30 -delete
find $BACKUP_DIR -name “*.sql.gz” -mtime +30 -delete
log “Old backups cleaned up.”
}

# 主函数
main() {
log “Starting backup…”

# 备份文件和数据库
backup_files
backup_databases

# 清理旧备份
cleanup_old_backups

log “Backup completed.”
}

# 执行主函数
main
EOF

# 2. 设置脚本执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/backup.sh

# 3. 创建日志文件
[root@localhost ~]# touch /var/log/backup.log
[root@localhost ~]# chmod 644 /var/log/backup.log

# 4. 配置定时任务
[root@localhost ~]# echo “0 2 * * * root /usr/local/bin/backup.sh” > /etc/cron.d/backup

# 5. 重启cron服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart crond

# 6. 测试备份脚本
[root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/bin/backup.sh

# 7. 查看备份
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lh /backup/
total 200M
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 100M Apr 3 10:00 data-20260403.tar.gz
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 50M Apr 3 10:00 mysql-20260403.sql.gz
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 50M Apr 3 10:00 postgresql-20260403.sql.gz

# 8. 查看日志
[root@localhost ~]# tail -f /var/log/backup.log
[2026-04-03 10:00:00] Starting backup…
[2026-04-03 10:00:01] Backing up files…
[2026-04-03 10:00:02] Files backed up to /backup/data-20260403.tar.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:03] Backing up databases…
[2026-04-03 10:00:04] MySQL databases backed up to /backup/mysql-20260403.sql.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:05] PostgreSQL databases backed up to /backup/postgresql-20260403.sql.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:06] Cleaning up old backups…
[2026-04-03 10:00:07] Old backups cleaned up.
[2026-04-03 10:00:08] Backup completed.

# 9. 创建恢复脚本
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /usr/local/bin/restore.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash # 恢复脚本 BACKUP_DIR="/backup" LOG_FILE="/var/log/restore.log" # 记录日志函数 log() { echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> $LOG_FILE
}

# 恢复文件
restore_files() {
log “Restoring files…”

tar -xzf $BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz -C /
log “Files restored from $BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz”
}

# 恢复数据库
restore_databases() {
log “Restoring databases…”

# 恢复MySQL数据库
gunzip < $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$1.sql.gz | mysql -u root -p'password' log "MySQL databases restored from $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$1.sql.gz" # 恢复PostgreSQL数据库 gunzip < $BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$1.sql.gz | psql -U postgres log "PostgreSQL databases restored from $BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$1.sql.gz" } # 主函数 main() { if [ -z "$1" ]; then echo "Usage: $0 ”
echo “Example: $0 20260403”
exit 1
fi

log “Starting restore…”

# 恢复文件和数据库
restore_files $1
restore_databases $1

log “Restore completed.”
}

# 执行主函数
main $1
EOF

# 10. 设置脚本执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/restore.sh

# 11. 测试恢复脚本
[root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/bin/restore.sh 20260403

# 12. 查看日志
[root@localhost ~]# tail -f /var/log/restore.log
[2026-04-03 10:00:00] Starting restore…
[2026-04-03 10:00:01] Restoring files…
[2026-04-03 10:00:02] Files restored from /backup/data-20260403.tar.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:03] Restoring databases…
[2026-04-03 10:00:04] MySQL databases restored from /backup/mysql-20260403.sql.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:05] PostgreSQL databases restored from /backup/postgresql-20260403.sql.gz
[2026-04-03 10:00:06] Restore completed.

# 13. 创建备份验证脚本
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /usr/local/bin/backup-verify.sh << 'EOF' #!/bin/bash # 备份验证脚本 BACKUP_DIR="/backup" LOG_FILE="/var/log/backup-verify.log" # 记录日志函数 log() { echo "[$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')] $1" >> $LOG_FILE
}

# 验证备份文件
verify_backup_files() {
log “Verifying backup files…”

# 检查备份文件是否存在
if [ ! -f “$BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz” ]; then
log “ERROR: Backup file $BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz not found”
return 1
fi

# 检查备份文件是否完整
if ! tar -tzf $BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz > /dev/null 2>&1; then
log “ERROR: Backup file $BACKUP_DIR/data-$1.tar.gz is corrupted”
return 1
fi

log “Backup files verified successfully.”
}

# 验证数据库备份
verify_database_backups() {
log “Verifying database backups…”

# 检查MySQL备份
if [ ! -f “$BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$1.sql.gz” ]; then
log “ERROR: MySQL backup file $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-$1.sql.gz not found”
return 1
fi

# 检查PostgreSQL备份
if [ ! -f “$BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$1.sql.gz” ]; then
log “ERROR: PostgreSQL backup file $BACKUP_DIR/postgresql-$1.sql.gz not found”
return 1
fi

log “Database backups verified successfully.”
}

# 主函数
main() {
if [ -z “$1” ]; then
echo “Usage: $0 ”
echo “Example: $0 20260403”
exit 1
fi

log “Starting backup verification…”

# 验证备份
verify_backup_files $1
verify_database_backups $1

log “Backup verification completed.”
}

# 执行主函数
main $1
EOF

# 14. 设置脚本执行权限
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/backup-verify.sh

# 15. 测试验证脚本
[root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/bin/backup-verify.sh 20260403

# 16. 查看日志
[root@localhost ~]# tail -f /var/log/backup-verify.log
[2026-04-03 10:00:00] Starting backup verification…
[2026-04-03 10:00:01] Verifying backup files…
[2026-04-03 10:00:02] Backup files verified successfully.
[2026-04-03 10:00:03] Verifying database backups…
[2026-04-03 10:00:04] Database backups verified successfully.
[2026-04-03 10:00:05] Backup verification completed.