# 备份类型说明
备份类型：
1. 完全备份
– 备份所有选定数据
– 恢复速度快
– 占用空间大
– 执行时间长

2. 增量备份
– 只备份变化的数据
– 占用空间小
– 恢复需要多个备份
– 执行时间短

3. 差异备份
– 备份自上次完全备份后的变化
– 介于完全和增量之间
– 恢复需要两个备份

# FGedu备份策略矩阵
数据类型 备份频率 备份类型 保留周期 存储位置
——– ——– ——– ——– ——–
关键业务数据 每小时 增量 7天 异地存储
数据库 每天 完全+增量 30天 异地存储
应用配置 每天 完全 90天 本地+异地
系统镜像 每周 完全 90天 本地+异地
日志文件 每天 增量 30天 本地存储

# 备份存储规划
存储架构：
├── 本地存储（快速恢复）
│ ├── /backup/daily – 每日备份
│ ├── /backup/weekly – 每周备份
│ └── /backup/monthly – 每月备份
├── 网络存储（NFS/SMB）
│ ├── NAS存储 – 中期保留
│ └── SAN存储 – 高性能需求
└── 云存储（异地容灾）
├── 阿里云OSS – 长期归档
└── 腾讯云COS – 异地备份

# 备份目录结构
$ tree /backup
/backup
├── daily
│ ├── 2026-04-01
│ ├── 2026-04-02
│ └── 2026-04-03
├── weekly
│ ├── 2026-W13
│ └── 2026-W14
├── monthly
│ ├── 2026-02
│ └── 2026-03
└── scripts
├── backup_daily.sh
├── backup_weekly.sh
└── backup_monthly.sh

# 备份空间规划
$ df -h /backup
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1 2.0T 1.2T 800G 60% /backup

# 空间监控
$ du -sh /backup/*
125G /backup/daily
500G /backup/weekly
600G /backup/monthly
2.5M /backup/scripts

# 1. 完全备份
# 创建完全备份
$ tar -czvpf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz \
–exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev \
–exclude=/run –exclude=/tmp –exclude=/backup \
/

# 输出
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names
/etc/
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
…
tar: /var/log/journal/…: file changed as we read it

# 查看备份内容
$ tar -tzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz | head -20
-rw-r–r– root/root 1234 2026-04-03 10:00 etc/passwd
-rw——- root/root 856 2026-04-03 10:00 etc/shadow
-rw-r–r– root/root 456 2026-04-03 10:00 etc/group

# 2. 增量备份
# 创建增量备份快照文件
$ tar -czvpf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/incremental_01.tar.gz \
–listed-incremental=/backup/snapshot.snar \
–exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev \
/data

# 查看快照文件
$ cat /backup/snapshot.snar | head -20
GNU tar-1.30-2
fgedu.net.cn
/
/data
/data/file1.txt
/data/file2.txt

# 3. 差异备份
# 基于时间戳的差异备份
$ find /data -newer /backup/daily/2026-04-02/full_backup.tar.gz -print0 | \
tar -czvpf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/diff_backup.tar.gz \
–null -T –

# 4. 排除特定文件
# 使用排除列表
$ cat /backup/scripts/exclude.list
*.log
*.tmp
*.bak
/proc
/sys
/dev
/run
/tmp
/backup

$ tar -czvpf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/custom_backup.tar.gz \
-X /backup/scripts/exclude.list \
/data /etc /home

# 5. 压缩选项比较
# gzip压缩（默认）
$ tar -czvf backup.tar.gz /data
压缩率: 中等
速度: 快

# bzip2压缩
$ tar -cjvf backup.tar.bz2 /data
压缩率: 高
速度: 慢

# xz压缩
$ tar -cJvf backup.tar.xz /data
压缩率: 最高
速度: 最慢

# 压缩效果对比
$ ls -lh backup.*
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 500M Apr 3 10:00 backup.tar.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 450M Apr 3 10:00 backup.tar.bz2
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 400M Apr 3 10:00 backup.tar.xz

# 6. 备份验证
# 验证备份完整性
$ tar -tzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz > /dev/null && echo “备份完整” || echo “备份损坏”
备份完整

# 计算校验和
$ sha256sum /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz > /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.sha256
$ cat /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.sha256
a1b2c3d4e5f6… /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz

# 验证校验和
$ sha256sum -c /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.sha256
/backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz: OK

# 1. 本地同步备份
$ rsync -avz –delete /data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/

sending incremental file list
./
file1.txt
file2.txt
dir1/
dir1/file3.txt

sent 125.67M bytes received 1.23K bytes 251.35M bytes/sec
total size is 125.45M speedup is 1.00

# 2. 远程同步备份
$ rsync -avz -e ssh /data/ root@backup-server:/backup/fgedu-server/

root@backup-server’s password:
sending incremental file list
./
file1.txt
file2.txt

sent 125.67M bytes received 1.23K bytes 15.67M bytes/sec
total size is 125.45M speedup is 1.00

# 3. 增量备份（使用–link-dest）
$ rsync -avz –delete –link-dest=/backup/daily/2026-04-02/data/ \
/data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/

# 查看硬链接效果
$ du -sh /backup/daily/2026-04-02/data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/
125M /backup/daily/2026-04-02/data/
10M /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/ # 只占用新增空间

# 4. 排除特定文件
$ rsync -avz –delete \
–exclude=’*.log’ \
–exclude=’*.tmp’ \
–exclude=’cache/’ \
/data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/

# 使用排除文件
$ cat /backup/scripts/rsync.exclude
*.log
*.tmp
cache/
temp/

$ rsync -avz –delete –exclude-from=/backup/scripts/rsync.exclude \
/data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/

# 5. 带宽限制
$ rsync -avz –bwlimit=10240 /data/ root@backup-server:/backup/

# 6. 同步状态监控
$ rsync -avz –progress /data/ /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/

sending incremental file list
file1.txt
125,456,789 100% 15.67MB/s 0:00:07 (xfr#1, to-chk=99/101)
file2.txt
45,678,901 100% 15.67MB/s 0:00:02 (xfr#2, to-chk=98/101)

sent 171.14M bytes received 2.45K bytes 34.23M bytes/sec
total size is 171.14M speedup is 1.00

# 7. 定时同步脚本
$ cat /backup/scripts/rsync_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash

DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
BACKUP_DIR=”/backup/daily/$DATE”
SOURCE_DIR=”/data”
LOG_FILE=”/var/log/rsync_backup_$DATE.log”

mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

echo “=== 开始备份 ===” >> $LOG_FILE
echo “时间: $(date)” >> $LOG_FILE

rsync -avz –delete \
–exclude=’*.log’ \
–exclude=’*.tmp’ \
$SOURCE_DIR/ $BACKUP_DIR/data/ >> $LOG_FILE 2>&1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo “备份成功” >> $LOG_FILE
# 发送成功通知
echo “备份成功: $DATE” | mail -s “备份通知” ops@fgedu.net.cn
else
echo “备份失败” >> $LOG_FILE
# 发送失败通知
echo “备份失败: $DATE” | mail -s “备份告警” ops@fgedu.net.cn
fi

echo “=== 备份结束 ===” >> $LOG_FILE

$ chmod +x /backup/scripts/rsync_backup.sh
$ /backup/scripts/rsync_backup.sh
=== 开始备份 ===
时间: 2026年 04月 03日 星期四 10:00:00 CST
备份成功
=== 备份结束 ===

# 1. 使用dd备份磁盘
# 备份整个磁盘
$ dd if=/dev/sda of=/backup/system/fgedu-server-sda.img bs=4M status=progress

记录了244198584+0 的读入
记录了244198584+0 的写出
1024175693824字节(1.0 TB)已复制，3600.123 秒，284 MB/秒

# 压缩备份
$ dd if=/dev/sda bs=4M | gzip -c > /backup/system/fgedu-server-sda.img.gz

# 查看备份大小
$ ls -lh /backup/system/fgedu-server-sda.img.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 200G Apr 3 10:00 fgedu-server-sda.img.gz

# 2. 备份分区
$ dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/backup/system/boot.img bs=4M
$ dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/backup/system/root.img bs=4M

# 3. 使用Clonezilla备份
# 启动Clonezilla Live CD
# 选择备份模式

$ sudo clonezilla
# 选择 device-image 模式
# 选择本地磁盘作为源
# 选择存储位置
# 开始备份

# Clonezilla命令行模式
$ sudo ocs-live-restore -p true -c -k -f sda -e -j2 sda /backup/system/clonezilla-img

# 4. LVM快照备份
# 创建LVM快照
$ lvcreate -L 50G -s -n backup_snap /dev/vg_data/lv_data
Logical volume “backup_snap” created.

# 挂载快照
$ mkdir -p /mnt/snapshot
$ mount /dev/vg_data/backup_snap /mnt/snapshot

# 备份快照数据
$ tar -czvpf /backup/system/lv_data_snap.tar.gz -C /mnt/snapshot .

# 卸载并删除快照
$ umount /mnt/snapshot
$ lvremove /dev/vg_data/backup_snap
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg_data/backup_snap? [y/n]: y
Logical volume “backup_snap” successfully removed

# 5. 文件系统备份
# 备份文件系统信息
$ df -h > /backup/system/df_info.txt
$ cat /etc/fstab > /backup/system/fstab.txt
$ blkid > /backup/system/blkid.txt
$ fdisk -l > /backup/system/fdisk.txt
$ lvdisplay > /backup/system/lvdisplay.txt
$ vgdisplay > /backup/system/vgdisplay.txt
$ pvdisplay > /backup/system/pvdisplay.txt

# 备份引导信息
$ dd if=/dev/sda of=/backup/system/mbr.img bs=512 count=1
记录了1+0 的读入
记录了1+0 的写出
512字节(512 B)已复制，0.000123 秒，4.2 MB/秒

# 备份GRUB配置
$ cp -a /boot/grub2 /backup/system/
$ cp -a /etc/default/grub /backup/system/

# 6. 系统配置备份
$ tar -czvpf /backup/system/config_backup.tar.gz \
/etc \
/root \
/var/spool/cron \
/home

# 7. 系统恢复测试
# 恢复MBR
$ dd if=/backup/system/mbr.img of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1

# 恢复分区
$ dd if=/backup/system/boot.img of=/dev/sda1 bs=4M
$ dd if=/backup/system/root.img of=/dev/sda2 bs=4M

# 恢复系统配置
$ tar -xzvpf /backup/system/config_backup.tar.gz -C /

# 1. mysqldump逻辑备份
# 全库备份
$ mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ –all-databases \
–single-transaction \
–routines \
–triggers \
–events \
–master-data=2 \
–flush-logs \
> /backup/mysql/full_backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# 查看备份文件
$ ls -lh /backup/mysql/full_backup_20260403.sql
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 1.2G Apr 3 10:00 full_backup_20260403.sql

# 单库备份
$ mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ fgedu_db \
–single-transaction \
> /backup/mysql/fgedu_db_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# 单表备份
$ mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ fgedu_db users orders \
–single-transaction \
> /backup/mysql/fgedu_db_tables_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# 2. 压缩备份
$ mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ –all-databases \
–single-transaction | gzip > /backup/mysql/full_backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql.gz

# 查看压缩后大小
$ ls -lh /backup/mysql/full_backup_20260403.sql.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 200M Apr 3 10:00 full_backup_20260403.sql.gz

# 3. xtrabackup物理备份
# 安装xtrabackup
$ yum install -y percona-xtrabackup-80

# 全量备份
$ xtrabackup –backup \
–user=root \
–password=’Fgedu@Root123′ \
–target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full

# 输出
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: –datadir=/var/lib/mysql
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments:
240403 10:00:00 version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN ‘dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup’…
240403 10:00:00 version_check Connected to MySQL server
…
240403 10:00:05 completed OK!

# 准备备份
$ xtrabackup –prepare –target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full

# 增量备份
$ xtrabackup –backup \
–user=root \
–password=’Fgedu@Root123′ \
–target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/inc1 \
–incremental-basedir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full

# 准备增量备份
$ xtrabackup –prepare –target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full
$ xtrabackup –prepare –target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full \
–incremental-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/inc1

# 4. 自动备份脚本
$ cat /backup/scripts/mysql_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash

DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d)
BACKUP_DIR=”/backup/mysql/$DATE”
LOG_FILE=”/var/log/mysql_backup_$DATE.log”

mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

echo “=== MySQL备份开始 ===” >> $LOG_FILE
echo “时间: $(date)” >> $LOG_FILE

# 全库备份
mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ –all-databases \
–single-transaction \
–routines \
–triggers \
–events \
| gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/full_backup.sql.gz

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo “全库备份成功” >> $LOG_FILE

# 记录binlog位置
mysql -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123’ -e “SHOW MASTER STATUS\G” >> $LOG_FILE

# 清理旧备份（保留7天）
find /backup/mysql -type d -mtime +7 -exec rm -rf {} \;

# 发送成功通知
echo “MySQL备份成功: $DATE” | mail -s “MySQL备份通知” ops@fgedu.net.cn
else
echo “全库备份失败” >> $LOG_FILE
echo “MySQL备份失败: $DATE” | mail -s “MySQL备份告警” ops@fgedu.net.cn
fi

echo “=== MySQL备份结束 ===” >> $LOG_FILE

$ chmod +x /backup/scripts/mysql_backup.sh
$ /backup/scripts/mysql_backup.sh
=== MySQL备份开始 ===
时间: 2026年 04月 03日 星期四 10:00:00 CST
全库备份成功
*************************** 1. row ***************************
File: mysql-bin.000123
Position: 12345678
Binlog_Do_DB:
Binlog_Ignore_DB:
=== MySQL备份结束 ===

# 1. 从tar备份恢复
# 查看备份内容
$ tar -tzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz | grep fgedu

# 恢复单个文件
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz \
-C /restore/ \
data/fgedu/config.xml

# 恢复整个目录
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz \
-C /restore/ \
data/fgedu/

# 恢复到原位置
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz \
-C / \
data/fgedu/

# 2. 从rsync备份恢复
# 恢复单个文件
$ rsync -avz /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/fgedu/config.xml /data/fgedu/

# 恢复整个目录
$ rsync -avz /backup/daily/2026-04-03/data/ /data/

# 3. 增量备份恢复
# 按顺序恢复
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-01/full_backup.tar.gz -C /restore/
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-02/incremental_01.tar.gz -C /restore/
$ tar -xzvf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/incremental_02.tar.gz -C /restore/

# 4. 恢复权限
$ tar -xzvpf /backup/daily/2026-04-03/full_backup.tar.gz \
-C /restore/ \
–same-owner \
–same-permissions \
data/fgedu/

# 5. 恢复验证
# 比较文件差异
$ diff -r /data/fgedu /restore/data/fgedu

# 检查文件完整性
$ md5sum /data/fgedu/config.xml
$ md5sum /restore/data/fgedu/config.xml

# 6. 系统恢复
# 恢复系统配置
$ tar -xzvf /backup/system/config_backup.tar.gz -C /

# 恢复引导
$ dd if=/backup/system/mbr.img of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1

# 重新安装GRUB
$ grub2-install /dev/sda

# 7. 数据库恢复
# 恢复MySQL数据库
$ mysql -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ < /backup/mysql/full_backup_20260403.sql # 恢复压缩备份 $ gunzip < /backup/mysql/full_backup_20260403.sql.gz | mysql -u root -p'Fgedu@Root123' # 恢复单库 $ mysql -u root -p'Fgedu@Root123' fgedu_db < /backup/mysql/fgedu_db_20260403.sql # 使用xtrabackup恢复 $ systemctl stop mysqld $ xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/backup/mysql/xtrabackup/full $ chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql $ systemctl start mysqld

# 1. 配置cron定时任务
$ crontab -e

# 每日凌晨2点执行全量备份
0 2 * * * /backup/scripts/full_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1

# 每小时执行增量备份
0 * * * * /backup/scripts/incremental_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1

# 每周日凌晨3点执行系统备份
0 3 * * 0 /backup/scripts/system_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1

# 每月1日凌晨4点执行归档备份
0 4 1 * * /backup/scripts/archive_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1

# 查看定时任务
$ crontab -l
0 2 * * * /backup/scripts/full_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1
0 * * * * /backup/scripts/incremental_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1
0 3 * * 0 /backup/scripts/system_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1
0 4 1 * * /backup/scripts/archive_backup.sh >> /var/log/backup.log 2>&1

# 2. 综合备份脚本
$ cat /backup/scripts/comprehensive_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash

DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
BACKUP_ROOT=”/backup”
LOG_FILE=”/var/log/backup_$DATE.log”

log() {
echo “[$(date ‘+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S’)] $1” | tee -a $LOG_FILE
}

send_alert() {
local level=$1
local message=$2
echo “$message” | mail -s “[$level] 备份通知 – $HOSTNAME” ops@fgedu.net.cn
}

# 备份函数
backup_files() {
log “开始文件备份…”
tar -czvpf $BACKUP_ROOT/daily/$DATE/files.tar.gz \
–exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev \
–exclude=/run –exclude=/tmp –exclude=/backup \
/data /etc /home /root

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
log “文件备份成功”
return 0
else
log “文件备份失败”
return 1
fi
}

backup_database() {
log “开始数据库备份…”
mysqldump -u root -p’Fgedu@Root123′ –all-databases \
–single-transaction | gzip > $BACKUP_ROOT/daily/$DATE/mysql.sql.gz

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
log “数据库备份成功”
return 0
else
log “数据库备份失败”
return 1
fi
}

backup_config() {
log “开始配置备份…”
tar -czvpf $BACKUP_ROOT/daily/$DATE/config.tar.gz \
/etc /var/spool/cron /root/.ssh

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
log “配置备份成功”
return 0
else
log “配置备份失败”
return 1
fi
}

cleanup_old_backups() {
log “清理旧备份…”
find $BACKUP_ROOT/daily -type d -mtime +7 -exec rm -rf {} \;
find $BACKUP_ROOT/weekly -type d -mtime +30 -exec rm -rf {} \;
find $BACKUP_ROOT/monthly -type d -mtime +90 -exec rm -rf {} \;
log “清理完成”
}

upload_to_cloud() {
log “上传到云存储…”
aws s3 sync $BACKUP_ROOT/daily/$DATE s3://fgedu-backup/$HOSTNAME/$DATE/

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
log “云存储上传成功”
return 0
else
log “云存储上传失败”
return 1
fi
}

# 主流程
main() {
log “=== 开始备份任务 ===”

mkdir -p $BACKUP_ROOT/daily/$DATE

# 执行备份
backup_files
file_result=$?

backup_database
db_result=$?

backup_config
config_result=$?

# 清理旧备份
cleanup_old_backups

# 上传到云
upload_to_cloud
cloud_result=$?

# 汇总结果
if [ $file_result -eq 0 ] && [ $db_result -eq 0 ] && [ $config_result -eq 0 ]; then
send_alert “SUCCESS” “备份成功完成”
log “=== 备份任务成功 ===”
else
send_alert “FAILED” “备份任务失败，请检查日志”
log “=== 备份任务失败 ===”
fi
}

main

$ chmod +x /backup/scripts/comprehensive_backup.sh
$ /backup/scripts/comprehensive_backup.sh
[2026-04-03 10:00:00] === 开始备份任务 ===
[2026-04-03 10:00:00] 开始文件备份…
[2026-04-03 10:05:00] 文件备份成功
[2026-04-03 10:05:00] 开始数据库备份…
[2026-04-03 10:10:00] 数据库备份成功
[2026-04-03 10:10:00] 开始配置备份…
[2026-04-03 10:10:30] 配置备份成功
[2026-04-03 10:10:30] 清理旧备份…
[2026-04-03 10:10:35] 清理完成
[2026-04-03 10:10:35] 上传到云存储…
[2026-04-03 10:15:00] 云存储上传成功
[2026-04-03 10:15:00] === 备份任务成功 ===