1. QEMU简介与版本说明
QEMU是一款开源的机器模拟器和虚拟化软件，支持多种CPU架构和操作系统。它可以独立运行，也可以与KVM结合实现高性能虚拟化。更多学习教程www.fgedu.net.cn
QEMU最新版本：
QEMU 9.2.0（最新稳定版）- 发布于2025年，支持最新硬件特性
QEMU 9.1.0 – 长期支持版本
QEMU 9.0.0 – 旧版稳定版本
QEMU 8.2.0 – 传统稳定版本
QEMU主要特性：
多架构支持：支持x86、ARM、MIPS、RISC-V等多种CPU架构
硬件加速：与KVM结合实现接近原生性能
快照功能：支持虚拟机快照和恢复
网络模拟：支持多种网络模式和VLAN
设备模拟：支持各种虚拟设备和USB设备
2. QEMU下载方式
QEMU提供源码编译和包管理器两种下载方式。学习交流加群风哥微信: itpux-com
方式一：下载源码编译（推荐）
# cd /fgedudb/qemu
# wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
# 下载输出案例如下：
–2026-04-05 00:00:15– https://download.qemu.org/qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
Resolving download.qemu.org… 52.84.125.19
Connecting to download.qemu.org|52.84.125.19|:443… connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response… 200 OK
Length: 123456789 (118M) [application/x-tar]
Saving to: ‘qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz’
qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz 100%[===============================================>] 117.78M 15.6MB/s in 8s
2026-04-05 00:00:23 URL:https://download.qemu.org/qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz [123456789/123456789] -> “qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz” [1]
# 验证下载文件
# ls -lh qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 118M Apr 5 00:00 qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
# 验证SHA256校验和
# sha256sum qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h8i9j0k1l2m3n4o5p6q7r8s9t0u1v2w3x4y5z6a7b8c9d0e1f2 qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
# 解压源码
# tar -xJf qemu-9.2.0.tar.xz
# 查看解压目录
# ls -la qemu-9.2.0
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 accel
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 audio
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 block
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 chardev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 5 00:05 crypto
方式二：包管理器安装
# yum install -y qemu-kvm qemu-img qemu-system-x86
# Ubuntu/Debian
# apt install -y qemu-system-x86 qemu-utils
# Fedora
# dnf install -y qemu-kvm qemu-img
# Arch Linux
# pacman -S qemu
# 查看安装版本
# qemu-system-x86_64 –version
QEMU emulator version 9.2.0
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
3. QEMU安装实战
完成下载后，执行编译安装。学习交流加群风哥QQ113257174
步骤1：安装编译依赖
# yum install -y gcc make ninja-build python3 python3-pip
# yum install -y glib2-devel zlib-devel pixman-devel
# yum install -y libepoxy-devel libdrm-devel libgbm-devel
# yum install -y spice-server-devel usbredir-devel
# yum install -y libvirt-devel libcap-ng-devel
# yum install -y numactl-devel libseccomp-devel
# 安装可选依赖
# yum install -y libiscsi-devel librbd1-devel
# yum install -y libssh-devel libcurl-devel
步骤2：编译安装QEMU
# cd qemu-9.2.0
# 创建构建目录
# mkdir build && cd build
# 配置编译选项
# ../configure –target-list=x86_64-softmmu,x86_64-linux-user \
–enable-kvm \
–enable-vnc \
–enable-spice \
–enable-usb-redir \
–enable-libssh \
–enable-curl \
–enable-rbd \
–prefix=/usr/local
# 配置输出案例如下：
Using ‘./build’ as build directory
Using ‘../build/config-host.mak’ as config file
…
Install prefix /usr/local
BIOS directory /usr/local/share/qemu
binary directory /usr/local/bin
library directory /usr/local/lib
module directory /usr/local/lib/qemu
libexec directory /usr/local/libexec
include directory /usr/local/include
config directory /usr/local/etc
local state directory /usr/local/var
Source path /fgedudb/qemu/qemu-9.2.0
GIT binary git
GIT submodules
C compiler cc
Host C compiler cc
CFLAGS -O2 -g
…
Target list x86_64-softmmu,x86_64-linux-user
KVM support YES
VNC support YES
SPICE support YES
# 编译
# make -j$(nproc)
# 编译输出案例如下：
GEN ui/input-barrier.c
GEN ui/vnc-enc-hextile-template.c
…
LINK qemu-system-x86_64
STRIP qemu-system-x86_64
# 安装
# make install
# 验证安装
# qemu-system-x86_64 –version
QEMU emulator version 9.2.0
Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
4. QEMU配置实战
完成安装后，进行基础配置优化。更多学习教程公众号风哥教程itpux_com
步骤1：配置KVM加速
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -E “vmx|svm”
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault epb cat_l3 invpcid_single intel_ppin ssbd mba ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm rdt_a rdseed adx smap intel_pt xsaveopt dtherm ida arat pln pts hwp hwp_notify hwp_act_window hwp_epp md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
# 加载KVM模块
# modprobe kvm
# modprobe kvm_intel
# 验证KVM模块
# lsmod | grep kvm
kvm_intel 327680 0
kvm 987136 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
# 将用户添加到kvm组
# usermod -aG kvm root
# 验证KVM权限
# ls -la /dev/kvm
crw-rw—-. 1 root kvm 10, 232 Apr 5 00:15 /dev/kvm
5. 虚拟机创建与管理
QEMU提供完整的虚拟机生命周期管理功能。from:www.itpux.com
步骤1：创建虚拟磁盘
# qemu-img create -f qcow2 /var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2 60G
# 输出案例如下：
Formatting ‘/var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2’, fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 extended_l2=off compression_type=zlib size=64424509440 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
# 查看虚拟磁盘信息
# qemu-img info /var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2
image: /var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 60 GiB (64424509440 bytes)
disk size: 196 KiB
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
compat: 1.1
compression type: zlib
lazy refcounts: false
refcount bits: 16
corrupt: false
extended l2: false
步骤2：启动虚拟机
# qemu-system-x86_64 \
-name centos9 \
-machine q35,accel=kvm \
-cpu host \
-smp 4 \
-m 4096 \
-drive file=/var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2,format=qcow2,if=virtio \
-cdrom /fgedudb/iso/CentOS-Stream-9-latest-x86_64-dvd1.iso \
-boot d \
-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 \
-vnc :0 \
-vga qxl \
-device virtio-balloon-pci \
-device virtio-rng-pci
# 输出案例如下：
QEMU 9.2.0 monitor – type ‘help’ for more information
(qemu)
# 后台运行虚拟机
# qemu-system-x86_64 \
-name centos9 \
-machine q35,accel=kvm \
-cpu host \
-smp 4 \
-m 4096 \
-drive file=/var/lib/qemu/images/centos9.qcow2,format=qcow2,if=virtio \
-cdrom /fgedudb/iso/CentOS-Stream-9-latest-x86_64-dvd1.iso \
-boot d \
-netdev user,id=net0,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0 \
-vnc :0 \
-vga qxl \
-daemonize
# 通过SSH连接虚拟机
# ssh -p 2222 root@localhost
root@localhost’s password:
Last login: Fri Apr 5 00:30:00 2026 from 10.0.2.2
[root@centos9 ~]#
6. 生产环境最佳实践
在使用QEMU时需要遵循最佳实践。
性能优化建议
1. 确保宿主机有足够的内存
2. 使用SSD存储虚拟磁盘
3. 启用KVM硬件加速
4. 使用virtio驱动提升性能
# 虚拟机优化：
1. 使用qcow2格式虚拟磁盘
2. 使用virtio设备和驱动
3. 合理分配CPU和内存资源
4. 启用balloon和rng设备
# 网络优化：
1. 使用virtio-net网卡
2. 配置端口转发规则
3. 使用bridge网络模式
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