Linux安装-Debian系统安装配置-Debian 12操作系统详细安装过程

1. 硬件环境要求

在安装Debian 12之前，需要确保硬件环境满足最低要求。更多学习教程www.fgedu.net.cn

生产环境建议：最小内存2GB（测试环境），生产环境建议4GB以上。SWAP分区：内存4GB以下时，SWAP等于内存大小；内存4-8GB时，SWAP为4GB；内存8GB以上时，SWAP为8GB。临时文件系统/dev/shm至少为1GB。

2. VMware Workstation配置

本文以VMware Workstation 17 Pro为例，创建虚拟机用于安装Debian 12。

# 虚拟机配置参数
– 虚拟机名称：Debian12
– 操作系统：Debian 12 64位
– 内存：4GB
– 处理器：2核心
– 网络：桥接模式
– 磁盘：40GB（SCSI）
– CD/DVD：debian-12.5.0-amd64-netinst.iso

3. Debian 12安装过程

启动虚拟机，开始Debian 12的安装过程。

3.1 启动安装

1. 选择”Graphical install”选项并按Enter键。

2. 选择安装语言为”中文（简体）”，点击”继续”。

3. 选择所在地区，点击”继续”。

4. 选择键盘布局，点击”继续”。

3.2 网络配置

1. 配置主机名为”fgedu.net.cn”，点击”继续”。

2. 配置域名，点击”继续”。

3. 配置root密码，点击”继续”。

4. 创建普通用户，点击”继续”。学习交流加群风哥微信: itpux-com

3.3 分区配置

选择”使用整个磁盘并配置LVM”，点击”继续”。

# 分区方案
– /boot：1GB，Ext4
– 剩余空间：LVM卷组
– /：20GB，Ext4
– /var：10GB，Ext4
– /home：5GB，Ext4
– swap：4GB

3.4 软件选择

选择需要安装的软件包，建议选择”SSH服务器”和”标准系统工具”，点击”继续”。

3.5 安装GRUB引导

选择安装GRUB到主引导记录，点击”继续”。

3.6 完成安装

安装完成后，点击”继续”重启系统。

风哥提示：安装过程中会自动格式化磁盘并安装系统，确保数据已备份。

4. 安装后配置

系统安装完成后，需要进行一些基本配置。

4.1 系统更新

# 更新系统
# apt update
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
Hit:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
Reading state information… Done
All packages are up to date.

# apt upgrade
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
Reading state information… Done
Calculating upgrade… Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

4.2 基本工具安装

# 安装常用工具
# apt install -y vim net-tools telnet wget curl rsync tar gzip bzip2 zip unzip
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
Reading state information… Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libcurl4 libgpm2 libksba8 libnpth0 libzip4
Suggested packages:
gpm
The following NEW packages will be installed:
bzip2 curl gzip libcurl4 libgpm2 libksba8 libnpth0 libzip4 net-tools rsync telnet unzip wget zip
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,123 kB of archives.
After this operation, 11.3 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

5. 网络配置

详细配置网络设置，确保系统网络连接正常。学习交流加群风哥QQ113257174

# 查看网络接口
# ip addr
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.51/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

# 测试网络连接
# ping -c 4 8.8.8.8
PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=12.3 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=118 time=11.9 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=118 time=12.1 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=118 time=11.8 ms

— 8.8.8.8 ping statistics —
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 11.811/12.047/12.333/0.214 ms

6. 存储配置

配置存储系统，包括磁盘分区和文件系统优化。

# 查看磁盘使用情况
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.5M 1.9G 1% /run
/dev/mapper/debian–vg-root 20G 2.1G 17G 11% /
/dev/sda1 1022M 174M 786M 18% /boot
tmpfs 384M 0 384M 0% /run/user/0

# 查看磁盘I/O性能
# iostat -x 1 3
Linux 6.1.0-18-amd64 (fgedu.net.cn) 03/31/2026 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 99.50

device r/s w/s rkB/s wkB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await r_await w_await svctm %util
sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7. 软件仓库配置

配置Debian 12的软件仓库，确保可以安装和更新软件包。

# 查看当前仓库配置
# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

# 刷新仓库
# apt update
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
Hit:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
Reading state information… Done
All packages are up to date.

8. 安全配置

配置系统安全，包括防火墙和SSH设置。更多学习教程公众号风哥教程itpux_com

# 安装并配置防火墙
# apt install -y ufw
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree… Done
Reading state information… Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
ufw
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 144 kB of archives.
After this operation, 564 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

# 启用防火墙
# ufw enable
Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup

# 开放SSH端口
# ufw allow ssh
Rules updated
Rules updated (v6)

# 查看防火墙状态
# ufw status
Status: active

To Action From
— —— —-
22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
22/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)

生产环境建议：生产环境中应启用防火墙并只开放必要的端口，定期更新系统以获取安全补丁。

9. 性能调优

优化系统性能，包括内核参数和内存管理。

# 编辑sysctl.conf文件
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

# 添加以下内核参数
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
kernel.shmmni = 4096
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
vm.swappiness = 10
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
vm.dirty_ratio = 10

# 使内核参数生效
# sysctl -p
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
kernel.shmmni = 4096
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
vm.swappiness = 10
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
vm.dirty_ratio = 10

9.1 内存管理优化

# 检查内存使用情况
# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.8G 1.1G 2.1G 8.5M 580M 2.5G
Swap: 4.0G 0B 4.0G

# 配置大内存页
# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
vm.nr_hugepages = 512

# 使配置生效
# sysctl -p

# 验证大内存页配置
# grep HugePages /proc/meminfo
HugePages_Total: 512
HugePages_Free: 512
HugePages_Rsvd: 0
HugePages_Surp: 0

10. 故障排除

常见问题及解决方案。

10.1 网络连接问题

# 检查网络接口状态
# ip link show eth0
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

# 检查网络服务状态
# systemctl status networking
● networking.service – Raise network interfaces
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/networking.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (exited) since Fri 2026-03-31 10:00:00 CST; 1h ago
Docs: man:interfaces(5)
Process: 1234 ExecStart=/sbin/ifup -a –read-environment (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 1234 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Tasks: 0
Memory: 1.1M
CPU: 33ms

10.2 系统启动问题

# 查看系统启动日志
# journalctl -b | grep error

# 检查文件系统
# fsck -f /dev/sda1
fsck from util-linux 2.38.1
e2fsck 1.46.2 (28-Feb-2021)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/boot: 223/262144 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 29451/1048576 blocks

风哥提示：系统出现问题时，应首先查看日志文件，定位问题原因后再进行修复。

from:www.itpux.com

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