本文档风哥主要介绍Oracle数据库可插拔数据库（PDB）克隆相关知识，包括PDB克隆的概念、方法、要求、规划、配置、验证等内容，由风哥教程参考Oracle官方文档Multitenant内容编写，适合DBA人员在学习和测试中使用，如果要应用于生产环境则需要自行确认。
Part01-基础概念与理论知识
1.1 PDB克隆的概念
Oracle数据库可插拔数据库（PDB）克隆是指创建一个与源PDB完全相同的新PDB。PDB克隆可以快速创建测试环境、开发环境或生产环境的副本，提高数据库部署效率。PDB克隆包括本地克隆和远程克隆两种方式，本地克隆在同一CDB中克隆PDB，远程克隆在不同CDB中克隆PDB。更多视频教程www.fgedu.net.cn
- 支持快速创建PDB副本
- 支持本地克隆和远程克隆
- 支持热克隆和冷克隆
- 支持跨版本克隆
- 提高数据库部署效率
1.2 PDB克隆的方法
Oracle数据库PDB克隆的方法：
- 本地克隆：在同一CDB中克隆PDB，最常用的方法
- 远程克隆：在不同CDB中克隆PDB，适合跨服务器
- 热克隆：源PDB处于READ WRITE状态时克隆，适合生产环境
- 冷克隆：源PDB处于READ ONLY状态时克隆，适合测试环境
- 快照克隆：使用存储快照克隆PDB，适合快速部署
1.3 PDB克隆的要求
Oracle数据库PDB克隆的要求：
- CDB环境：必须在CDB环境中进行PDB克隆
- 系统资源：足够的CPU、内存和磁盘空间
- 权限：需要CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE权限
- 源PDB状态：源PDB必须处于READ WRITE或READ ONLY状态
- 兼容性：源CDB和目标CDB的版本必须兼容
Part02-生产环境规划与建议
2.1 PDB克隆规划
Oracle数据库PDB克隆规划要点：
1. 分析业务需求
2. 评估系统资源
3. 设计PDB克隆方案
4. 规划克隆时间
5. 规划资源分配
6. 规划备份恢复策略
7. 规划回滚方案
8. 测试和验证
# 适用场景
– 创建测试环境
– 创建开发环境
– 创建生产环境副本
– 数据库迁移
– 数据库整合
# 不适用场景
– 单租户应用系统
– 低资源需求系统
– 传统架构系统
2.2 PDB克隆设计
Oracle数据库PDB克隆设计建议：
– 基于业务需求设计
– 基于资源需求设计
– 最小化克隆时间
– 最大化数据安全性
– 合理配置参数
# PDB克隆设计策略
– 合理规划克隆时间
– 配置适当的资源管理
– 配置适当的备份策略
– 配置适当的恢复策略
– 配置适当的回滚方案
# 设计步骤
1. 分析业务需求
2. 评估系统资源
3. 设计PDB克隆方案
4. 规划克隆时间
5. 测试克隆效果
6. 调整配置
2.3 PDB克隆最佳实践
Oracle数据库PDB克隆最佳实践：
- 规划克隆时间：选择业务低峰期进行PDB克隆，最小化影响
- 备份源PDB：克隆前备份源PDB，确保数据安全
- 验证兼容性：验证源CDB和目标CDB的兼容性
- 监控克隆过程：监控克隆过程，及时发现和处理问题
- 验证克隆结果：克隆后验证PDB功能和性能
- 准备回滚方案：准备回滚方案，确保可以快速回滚
Part03-生产环境项目实施方案
3.1 PDB克隆实施
3.1.1 本地克隆PDB
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— ——— ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
# 本地克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’);
Pluggable database created.
# 查看PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————- ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST MOUNTED
# 打开PDB
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test OPEN;
Pluggable database altered.
# 查看PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————- ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
3.1.2 远程克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE DATABASE LINK orclcdb2_link
CONNECT TO c##admin IDENTIFIED BY Oracle123
USING ‘orclcdb2’;
Database link created.
# 查看数据库链接
SQL> SELECT owner, db_link, host FROM dba_db_links;
OWNER DB_LINK HOST
———- ————— ——————
C##ADMIN ORCLCDB2_LINK orclcdb2
# 远程克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_clone
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb@orclcdb2_link
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_clone/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb2/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_clone/’);
Pluggable database created.
# 查看PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————– ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
6 SALESPDB_CLONE MOUNTED
# 打开PDB
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_clone OPEN;
Pluggable database altered.
# 查看PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————– ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
6 SALESPDB_CLONE READ WRITE
3.2 PDB克隆配置
3.2.1 配置PDB参数
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = fgfgfgsalespdb_test;
Session altered.
# 查看PDB参数
SQL> SHOW PARAMETER db_name;
NAME TYPE VALUE
———————————— ———– ——————————
db_name string orclcdb
SQL> SHOW PARAMETER pdb_name;
NAME TYPE VALUE
———————————— ———– ——————————
pdb_name string fgfgfgsalespdb_test
# 配置PDB参数
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET open_cursors = 1000 SCOPE = BOTH;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET processes = 500 SCOPE = SPFILE;
System altered.
# 查看PDB参数
SQL> SHOW PARAMETER open_cursors;
NAME TYPE VALUE
———————————— ———– ——————————
open_cursors integer 1000
SQL> SHOW PARAMETER processes;
NAME TYPE VALUE
———————————— ———– ——————————
processes integer 500
3.2.2 配置PDB表空间
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = fgfgfgsalespdb_test;
Session altered.
# 查看PDB表空间
SQL> SELECT tablespace_name, status, contents
FROM dba_tablespaces
ORDER BY tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS CONTENTS
—————————— ——— ———
SYSTEM ONLINE PERMANENT
SYSAUX ONLINE PERMANENT
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE UNDO
TEMP ONLINE TEMPORARY
USERS ONLINE PERMANENT
SALES_DATA ONLINE PERMANENT
# 查看PDB表空间文件
SQL> SELECT file_name, tablespace_name, bytes/1024/1024 AS size_mb
FROM dba_data_files
ORDER BY tablespace_name;
FILE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME SIZE_MB
—————————————————————- —————– ———-
/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/system01.dbf SYSTEM 250
/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/sysaux01.dbf SYSAUX 350
/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/undotbs01.dbf UNDOTBS1 100
/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/users01.dbf USERS 100
/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/fgfgfgsales_data01.dbf SALES_DATA 100
# 创建PDB表空间
SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE fgfgfgsales_index
DATAFILE ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/fgfgfgsales_index01.dbf’ SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10M MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;
Tablespace created.
# 查看PDB表空间
SQL> SELECT tablespace_name, status, contents
FROM dba_tablespaces
ORDER BY tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS CONTENTS
—————————— ——— ———
SALES_DATA ONLINE PERMANENT
SALES_INDEX ONLINE PERMANENT
SYSTEM ONLINE PERMANENT
SYSAUX ONLINE PERMANENT
UNDOTBS1 ONLINE UNDO
TEMP ONLINE TEMPORARY
USERS ONLINE PERMANENT
3.3 PDB克隆验证
3.3.1 验证PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode, total_size, free_space
FROM v$pdbs
ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE TOTAL_SIZE FREE_SPACE
—— —————– ———- ———- ———–
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY 1048576 524288
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE 1048576 524288
4 HRPDB READ WRITE 1048576 524288
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE 1048576 524288
6 SALESPDB_CLONE READ WRITE 1048576 524288
# 查看PDB详细信息
SQL> SELECT pdb_name, con_id, status, creation_scn
FROM dba_pdbs
ORDER BY con_id;
PDB_NAME CON_ID STATUS CREATION_SCN
————– —— —————- ———-
PDB$SEED 2 NORMAL 123456
SALESPDB 3 NORMAL 123457
HRPDB 4 NORMAL 123458
SALESPDB_TEST 5 NORMAL 123459
SALESPDB_CLONE 6 NORMAL 123460
# 切换到PDB
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = fgfgfgsalespdb_test;
Session altered.
# 查看PDB数据
SQL> SELECT table_name FROM user_tables;
TABLE_NAME
———-
CUSTOMERS
ORDERS
PRODUCTS
# 查看PDB用户
SQL> SELECT username, account_status FROM dba_users WHERE username = ‘SALES_ADMIN’;
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS
———— —————-
SALES_ADMIN OPEN
3.3.2 验证PDB连接
$ cat $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
SALESPDB_TEST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = localhost)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = fgfgfgsalespdb_test)
)
)
# 测试PDB连接
$ sqlplus fgfgfgsales_admin/Oracle123@fgfgfgsalespdb_test
SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 – Production on Fri Apr 3 08:00:00 2026
Version 19.0.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 – Production
Version 19.0.0.0.0
SQL> SELECT name, con_id FROM v$database;
NAME CON_ID
——— ———-
ORCLCDB 5
SQL> SELECT sys_context(‘USERENV’, ‘CON_NAME’) FROM dual;
SYS_CONTEXT(‘USERENV’,’CON_NAME’)
——————————–
SALESPDB_TEST
SQL> SELECT count(*) FROM customers;
COUNT(*)
———-
1000
SQL> EXIT
# 验证PDB连接成功
Part04-生产案例与实战讲解
4.1 PDB克隆案例
在某企业的生产环境中，需要克隆PDB创建测试环境。
– 数据库版本：Oracle 19c
– 系统规模：中等规模，日交易量100万
– 需求：克隆PDB创建测试环境
# 实施方案
1. 查看源PDB
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— ——— ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
2. 本地克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’);
Pluggable database created.
3. 打开PDB
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test OPEN;
Pluggable database altered.
4. 配置PDB自动启动
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test SAVE STATE;
Pluggable database altered.
5. 查看PDB状态
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————- ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
# 实施效果
– 成功克隆PDB创建测试环境
– 数据完整性保持
– 克隆时间缩短80%
– 测试环境部署速度提高90%
4.2 PDB克隆优化案例
在某金融机构的生产环境中，需要优化PDB克隆，提高克隆效率。
– 数据库版本：Oracle 19c
– 系统规模：大规模，日交易量1000万
– 问题：PDB克隆性能需要优化
# 优化方案
1. 查看PDB性能统计
SQL> SELECT
con_id,
name,
open_mode,
total_size,
free_space,
round(free_space / total_size * 100, 2) AS free_space_pct
FROM v$pdbs
ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE TOTAL_SIZE FREE_SPACE FREE_SPACE_PCT
—— ——— ———- ———- ———– ————–
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY 1048576 524288 50.00
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE 1048576 524288 50.00
4 HRPDB READ WRITE 1048576 524288 50.00
2. 优化PDB克隆参数
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET db_files = 1024 SCOPE = SPFILE;
System altered.
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET max_shared_servers = 100 SCOPE = SPFILE;
System altered.
3. 重启数据库使参数生效
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> STARTUP;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytes
Fixed Size 9143424 bytes
Variable Size 1073741824 bytes
Database Buffers 1056964608 bytes
Redo Buffers 1663392 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
4. 执行PDB克隆
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’);
Pluggable database created.
5. 验证优化效果
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————- ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
# 优化效果
– PDB克隆参数优化
– 克隆效率提高60%
– 克隆时间缩短50%
– 系统稳定性提高
4.3 PDB克隆问题处理
在某电商网站的生产环境中，PDB克隆出现问题，需要处理。
– PDB无法克隆
– 系统负载增加
– 资源争用严重
# 分析步骤
1. 查看系统资源
$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 15G 10G 2G 500M 3G 4G
Swap: 15G 5G 10G
2. 查看磁盘空间
$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 50G 30G 20G 60% /
/dev/sda2 200G 150G 50G 75% /oracle
3. 尝试克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’);
CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65012: at line 1
ORA-65011: Pluggable database SALES_PDB does not exist.
# 问题原因
– 磁盘空间不足
– 内存不足
# 解决方案
1. 清理磁盘空间
$ rm -rf /oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/*
2. 优化内存配置
$ vi /etc/sysctl.conf
vm.swappiness=10
vm.dirty_ratio=15
vm.dirty_background_ratio=5
$ sysctl -p
3. 重新克隆PDB
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test
FROM fgfgfgsalespdb
PATH_PREFIX ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’
FILE_NAME_CONVERT = (‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb/’, ‘/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/orclcdb/fgfgfgsalespdb_test/’);
Pluggable database created.
4. 打开PDB
SQL> ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE fgfgfgsalespdb_test OPEN;
Pluggable database altered.
5. 验证PDB克隆成功
SQL> SELECT con_id, name, open_mode FROM v$pdbs ORDER BY con_id;
CON_ID NAME OPEN_MODE
—— —————- ———-
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 SALESPDB READ WRITE
4 HRPDB READ WRITE
5 SALESPDB_TEST READ WRITE
# 解决效果
– PDB成功克隆
– 数据库性能恢复正常
– 系统负载降低
– 资源争用减少
Part05-风哥经验总结与分享
5.1 PDB克隆经验
Oracle数据库PDB克隆经验：
- 规划克隆时间：选择业务低峰期进行PDB克隆，最小化影响
- 备份源PDB：克隆前备份源PDB，确保数据安全
- 验证兼容性：验证源CDB和目标CDB的兼容性
- 监控克隆过程：监控克隆过程，及时发现和处理问题
- 验证克隆结果：克隆后验证PDB功能和性能
- 准备回滚方案：准备回滚方案，确保可以快速回滚
5.2 PDB克隆检查清单
– [ ] 检查系统资源
– [ ] 检查CDB环境
– [ ] 检查磁盘空间
– [ ] 检查内存资源
– [ ] 检查CPU资源
– [ ] 验证兼容性
– [ ] 备份源PDB
– [ ] 规划克隆时间
– [ ] 执行PDB克隆
– [ ] 验证克隆结果
# PDB克隆问题处理流程
1. 检查系统资源
2. 检查CDB环境
3. 验证兼容性
4. 备份源PDB
5. 执行PDB克隆
6. 验证克隆结果
7. 处理克隆问题
8. 优化配置
9. 准备回滚方案
10. 监控克隆过程
5.3 PDB克隆工具
Oracle数据库PDB克隆常用工具：
- SQL*Plus：SQL命令行工具，用于执行SQL命令
- Oracle Enterprise Manager：图形化管理工具，用于监控和管理数据库
- RMAN：恢复管理器，用于备份和恢复数据库
- Data Pump：数据泵，用于导入导出数据
- SQL Developer：SQL开发工具，用于开发和调试SQL
- DBCA：数据库配置助手，用于创建和管理数据库
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