Oracle教程FG021-RMAN备份恢复基础

2.2 存储规划

备份存储需要考虑以下因素：

存储空间：确保有足够的空间存储备份文件
存储介质：考虑使用磁盘、磁带等多种存储介质
备份保留：根据业务需求设置合理的备份保留策略
备份验证：定期验证备份的有效性

2.3 网络规划

对于RAC环境或远程备份，需要考虑网络带宽和延迟：

网络带宽：确保备份数据传输的带宽足够
网络稳定性：使用可靠的网络连接
备份窗口：选择业务低峰期进行备份

Part03-生产环境项目实施方案

3.1 RMAN初始化配置

在生产环境中，首次使用RMAN需要进行初始化配置：

— 连接到目标数据库
$ rman target /– 执行初始化配置
RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;RMAN> CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK;RMAN> CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT ‘/backup/rman/%U’;RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO ‘/backup/rman/controlfile/%F’;RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 4;

3.2 备份策略制定

根据业务需求，制定合理的备份策略：

每日增量备份：每天执行一次增量备份
每周全量备份：每周执行一次全量备份
归档日志备份：每小时备份一次归档日志
控制文件备份：每次备份时自动备份控制文件

3.3 恢复测试计划

定期进行恢复测试，确保备份的有效性：

每月进行一次完整的恢复测试
测试不同的恢复场景
记录恢复时间和过程
更新恢复计划文档

Part04-生产案例与实战讲解

4.1 RMAN连接与基本操作

— 连接到目标数据库
$ rman target /Recovery Manager: Release 19.0.0.0.0 – Production on Fri Mar 29 10:00:00 2024
Version 19.3.0.0.0

connected to target database: FGEDUDB (DBID=1234567890)

— 查看数据库状态
RMAN> REPORT SCHEMA;Report of database schema for database with db_unique_name FGEDUDB

List of Permanent Datafiles
==========================
File Size(MB) Tablespace RB segs Datafile Name
—- ——– ——————– ——- ————————
1 780 SYSTEM *** /oradata/fgedudb/system01.dbf
2 580 SYSAUX *** /oradata/fgedudb/sysaux01.dbf
3 200 UNDOTBS1 *** /oradata/fgedudb/undotbs01.dbf
4 100 USERS *** /oradata/fgedudb/users01.dbf
5 500 FGEDU_DATA *** /oradata/fgedudb/fgedu_data01.dbf

List of Temporary Files
======================
File Size(MB) Tablespace Maxsize(MB) Tempfile Name
—- ——– ——————– ———– ——————–
1 200 TEMP 32767 /oradata/fgedudb/temp01.dbf

4.2 执行全量备份

— 执行全量备份
RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;Starting backup at 29-MAR-24
current log archived
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=123 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2
channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=124 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_3
channel ORA_DISK_3: SID=125 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_4
channel ORA_DISK_4: SID=126 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RECID=1 STAMP=1234567890
input archived log thread=1 sequence=2 RECID=2 STAMP=1234567891
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/arch_1_1_1234567890.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/oradata/fgedudb/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_2: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_2: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00002 name=/oradata/fgedudb/sysaux01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_3: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_3: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00003 name=/oradata/fgedudb/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_4: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_4: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00004 name=/oradata/fgedudb/users01.dbf
input datafile file number=00005 name=/oradata/fgedudb/fgedu_data01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_2: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_3: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_4: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/df_1_1_1234567892.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:05:30
channel ORA_DISK_2: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/df_2_1_1234567893.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_2: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:05:35
channel ORA_DISK_3: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/df_3_1_1234567894.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_3: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:05:40
channel ORA_DISK_4: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/df_4_1_1234567895.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_4: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:05:45
current log archived
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=3 STAMP=1234567896
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/arch_2_1_1234567896.bak tag=TAG20240329T100000 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting control file and spfile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-24
piece handle=/backup/rman/controlfile/c-1234567890-20240329-00 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
Finished backup at 29-MAR-24

4.3 查看备份信息

— 查看备份集信息
RMAN> LIST BACKUP SUMMARY;List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
——- — — – ———– ————— ——- ——- ———- —
1 B F A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
2 B F A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
3 B F A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
4 B F A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
5 B A A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
6 B A A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000
7 B F A DISK 29-MAR-24 1 1 NO TAG20240329T100000

— 查看备份详细信息
RMAN> LIST BACKUP;List of Backup Sets
==================

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
1 Full 780.00M DISK 00:05:30 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/df_1_1_1234567892.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 1
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
—- — —- ———- ——— —-
1 Full 1234567890 29-MAR-24 /oradata/fgedudb/system01.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
2 Full 580.00M DISK 00:05:35 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 2 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/df_2_1_1234567893.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 2
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
—- — —- ———- ——— —-
2 Full 1234567890 29-MAR-24 /oradata/fgedudb/sysaux01.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
3 Full 200.00M DISK 00:05:40 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 3 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/df_3_1_1234567894.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 3
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
—- — —- ———- ——— —-
3 Full 1234567890 29-MAR-24 /oradata/fgedudb/undotbs01.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
4 Full 600.00M DISK 00:05:45 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/df_4_1_1234567895.bak
List of Datafiles in backup set 4
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
—- — —- ———- ——— —-
4 Full 1234567890 29-MAR-24 /oradata/fgedudb/users01.dbf
5 Full 1234567890 29-MAR-24 /oradata/fgedudb/fgedu_data01.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
5 Arch 10.00M DISK 00:00:01 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 5 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/arch_1_1_1234567890.bak
List of Archived Logs in backup set 5
Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time
—- ——- ———- ——— ———- ———
1 1 1234567880 29-MAR-24 1234567885 29-MAR-24
1 2 1234567885 29-MAR-24 1234567890 29-MAR-24

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
6 Arch 5.00M DISK 00:00:01 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 6 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/arch_2_1_1234567896.bak
List of Archived Logs in backup set 6
Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time
—- ——- ———- ——— ———- ———
1 3 1234567890 29-MAR-24 1234567895 29-MAR-24

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
——- —- — ———- ———– ———— —————
7 Full 10.00M DISK 00:00:02 29-MAR-24
BP Key: 7 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20240329T100000
Piece Name: /backup/rman/controlfile/c-1234567890-20240329-00
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1234567895 Ckp time: 29-MAR-24
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 29-MAR-24

4.4 备份验证

— 验证备份集
RMAN> VALIDATE BACKUPSET 1;Starting validate at 29-MAR-24
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting validation of backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set key=1
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying backup set to validate
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /backup/rman/df_1_1_1234567892.bak
channel ORA_DISK_1: validation complete, elapsed time: 00:01:30
List of Backup Sets
===================

Validation complete, elapsed time: 00:01:30
Finished validate at 29-MAR-24

Part05-风哥经验总结与分享

5.1 RMAN备份最佳实践

使用并行备份：根据CPU核心数设置合理的并行度，提高备份速度
启用压缩：对于磁盘空间有限的环境，启用备份压缩
定期验证：每月至少验证一次备份的有效性
多介质备份：同时备份到本地磁盘和远程存储，提高安全性
自动备份控制文件：确保控制文件的安全

5.2 常见问题与解决方案

备份速度慢：检查I/O性能，使用并行备份，调整通道数
备份失败：检查磁盘空间，网络连接，权限设置
恢复时间长：优化备份策略，使用增量备份，考虑使用块级恢复
备份文件损坏：定期验证备份，使用冗余备份

5.3 性能优化建议

使用大内存页：提高RMAN备份恢复的性能
配置适当的通道数：根据存储性能和CPU核心数调整
使用ASM存储：提供更好的I/O性能和管理能力
优化归档日志管理：确保归档日志及时备份和清理

风哥提示：RMAN是Oracle数据库最强大的备份恢复工具，掌握其基本原理和操作对于DBA来说至关重要。在生产环境中，一定要制定合理的备份策略，并定期进行恢复测试，确保在发生故障时能够快速恢复数据库。学习交流加群风哥微信: itpux-com学习交流加群风哥QQ113257174

生产环境建议：请根据实际情况调整配置和参数，确保生产环境的安全性和稳定性。

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