# 查看CPU频率配置
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep “model name” | head -1
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6248R CPU @ 3.00GHz

# 查看当前CPU频率
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep “cpu MHz”
cpu MHz : 3000.000
cpu MHz : 3000.000
cpu MHz : 3000.000
cpu MHz : 3000.000

# 查看CPU频率调节模式
# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors
performance powersave userspace schedutil conservative ondemand

# 设置CPU性能模式
# cpupower frequency-set -g performance
Setting cpu: 0
Setting cpu: 1
Setting cpu: 2
…
Setting cpu: 31

# 查看当前模式
# cpupower frequency-info
analyzing CPU 0:
driver: intel_pstate
CPUs which run at the same hardware frequency: 0
CPUs which need to have their frequency coordinated by software: 0
maximum transition latency: Cannot determine or is not supported.
hardware limits: 1.20 GHz – 4.00 GHz
available cpufreq governors: performance powersave
current policy: frequency should be within 1.20 GHz and 4.00 GHz.
The governor “performance” may decide which speed to use
within this range.
current CPU frequency: 3.00 GHz (asserted by call to hardware)
boost state support:
Supported: yes
Active: yes

# 查看CPU调度器配置
# cat /proc/sys/kernel/sched_min_granularity_ns
10000000

# 优化调度器参数
# sysctl -w kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns=10000000
kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns = 10000000

# 查看CPU亲和性
# taskset -pc $$
pid 12345’s current affinity list: 0-31

# 设置进程CPU亲和性
# taskset -pc 0-15 12345
pid 12345’s current affinity list: 0-31
pid 12345’s new affinity list: 0-15

# 查看NUMA拓扑
# numactl –hardware
available: 2 nodes (0-1)
node 0 cpus: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
node 0 size: 65536 MB
node 0 free: 60000 MB
node 1 cpus: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
node 1 size: 65536 MB
node 1 free: 58000 MB
node distances:
node 0 1
0: 10 21
1: 21 10

# 设置NUMA策略
# numactl –cpunodebind=0 –membind=0 ./application

# 查看内存使用情况
# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 125Gi 5.0Gi 117Gi 16Mi 3.0Gi 119Gi
Swap: 32Gi 0B 32Gi

# 查看内存详细信息
# cat /proc/meminfo | head -20
MemTotal: 131072000 kB
MemFree: 120000000 kB
MemAvailable: 125000000 kB
Buffers: 1024000 kB
Cached: 2048000 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 4096000 kB
Inactive: 1024000 kB
Active(anon): 3072000 kB
Inactive(anon): 2048 kB
Active(file): 1024000 kB
Inactive(file): 1024000 kB
Unevictable: 0 kB
Mlocked: 0 kB
SwapTotal: 33554432 kB
SwapFree: 33554432 kB
Dirty: 0 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 3072000 kB

# 查看大页内存配置
# cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
0

# 配置大页内存
# sysctl -w vm.nr_hugepages=16384
vm.nr_hugepages = 16384

# 验证大页内存
# cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge
HugePages_Total: 16384
HugePages_Free: 16384
HugePages_Rsvd: 0
HugePages_Surp: 0
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
Hugetlb: 33554432 kB

# 查看透明大页配置
# cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
[always] madvise never

# 关闭透明大页（数据库推荐）
# echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
# echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag

# 验证配置
# cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
always madvise [never]

# 查看SWAP使用情况
# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 33554432 0 -2

# 调整swappiness参数
# sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10
vm.swappiness = 10

# 查看当前swappiness
# cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
10

# 调整脏页比例
# sysctl -w vm.dirty_ratio=20
vm.dirty_ratio = 20

# sysctl -w vm.dirty_background_ratio=5
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5

# 查看脏页配置
# sysctl -a | grep dirty
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 0
vm.dirty_ratio = 20
vm.dirty_bytes = 0
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 500
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 3000

# 查看磁盘I/O调度器
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
[mq-deadline] kyber bfq none

# 设置I/O调度器
# echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler

# 查看当前调度器
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
[deadline] kyber bfq none

# 查看磁盘队列深度
# cat /sys/block/sda/queue/nr_requests
256

# 设置队列深度
# echo 512 > /sys/block/sda/queue/nr_requests

# 查看磁盘统计信息
# iostat -x 1 3
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu-server01.fgedu.net.cn) 04/03/2026 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
5.21 0.00 2.05 0.10 0.00 92.64

Device r/s w/s rMB/s wMB/s rrqm/s wrqm/s %rrqm %wrqm r_await w_await aqu-sz rareq-sz wareq-sz svctm %util
sda 0.50 1.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.50 0.00 33.33 0.20 0.30 0.00 28.00 20.00 0.20 0.03
sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
dm-0 0.50 1.50 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.25 0.00 28.00 13.33 0.15 0.03

# 查看块设备配置
# blockdev –getra /dev/sda
256

# 设置预读大小
# blockdev –setra 4096 /dev/sda

# 验证配置
# blockdev –getra /dev/sda
4096

# 查看磁盘性能
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda

/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 25000 MB in 2.00 seconds = 12500.00 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 1000 MB in 3.00 seconds = 333.33 MB/sec

# 查看NVMe配置
# nvme list
Node SN Model Namespace Usage Format FW Rev
——————— ——————– —————————————- ——— ————————– —————- ——–
/dev/nvme0n1 ABC123DEF456 Samsung SSD 970 EVO Plus 1TB 1 500.00 GB / 1,000.00 GB 512 B + 0 B 2B2QEXM7

# 查看NVMe性能
# nvme smart-log /dev/nvme0
Smart Log for NVME device:nvme0n1 namespace-id:ffffffff
critical_warning : 0
temperature : 35 C
available_spare : 100%
available_spare_threshold : 10%
percentage_used : 5%
data_units_read : 1,234,567,890
data_units_written : 987,654,321
host_read_commands : 12,345,678,901
host_write_commands : 9,876,543,210
controller_busy_time : 1,234
power_cycles : 100
power_on_hours : 2,160
unsafe_shutdowns : 0
media_errors : 0
num_err_log_entries : 0

# 查看网络配置
# ip link show
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

# 查看TCP参数
# sysctl -a | grep net.ipv4.tcp
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 60
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 7200
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 9
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 75
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1

# 优化TCP参数
# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=30
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30

# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600

# sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192

# 查看网络缓冲区配置
# sysctl -a | grep net.core
net.core.rmem_max = 212992
net.core.wmem_max = 212992
net.core.rmem_default = 212992
net.core.wmem_default = 212992
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1000
net.core.somaxconn = 128

# 优化网络缓冲区
# sysctl -w net.core.rmem_max=16777216
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216

# sysctl -w net.core.wmem_max=16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

# sysctl -w net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_default = 262144

# sysctl -w net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144

# sysctl -w net.core.netdev_max_backlog=5000
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000

# sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=65535
net.core.somaxconn = 65535

# 查看网卡配置
# ethtool -k eth0 | grep offload
tcp-segmentation-offload: on
generic-segmentation-offload: on
generic-receive-offload: on
large-receive-offload: off
rx-vlan-offload: on
tx-vlan-offload: on

# 开启LRO（大接收卸载）
# ethtool -K eth0 lro on

# 查看当前内核参数
# sysctl -a | head -50
kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns = 10000000
kernel.sched_wakeup_granularity_ns = 15000000
kernel.sched_child_runs_first = 0
kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns = 10000000
kernel.sched_wakeup_granularity_ns = 15000000
kernel.sched_tunable_scaling = 1
kernel.sched_migration_cost_ns = 5000000
kernel.pid_max = 4194304
kernel.panic = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.core_pattern = /var/core/core.%e.%p.%h.%t
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmni = 32768
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.shmmni = 4096

# 优化信号量参数
# sysctl -w kernel.sem=”250 32000 100 128″
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128

# 优化共享内存
# sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=68719476736
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736

# sysctl -w kernel.shmall=4294967296
kernel.shmall = 4294967296

# 优化文件句柄
# sysctl -w fs.file-max=6815744
fs.file-max = 6815744

# sysctl -w fs.aio-max-nr=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576

# 查看文件句柄限制
# ulimit -n
65535

# 设置文件句柄限制
# ulimit -n 1048576

# 查看用户进程限制
# ulimit -u
65535

# 设置用户进程限制
# ulimit -u 131072

# 永久配置（/etc/security/limits.conf）
# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 1048576
* hard nofile 1048576
* soft nproc 131072
* hard nproc 131072
* soft memlock unlimited
* hard memlock unlimited
* soft stack unlimited
* hard stack unlimited

# 查看当前打开文件数
# lsof | wc -l
12345

# 查看进程优先级
# ps -eo pid,ni,comm | head -10
PID NI COMMAND
1 0 systemd
2 -5 kthreadd
3 -5 rcu_gp
4 -5 rcu_par_gp
6 -5 kworker/0:0H-kblockd
8 -5 mm_percpu_wq
9 -5 ksoftirqd/0
10 -5 rcu_sched
11 -5 migration/0

# 设置进程优先级
# renice -n -10 -p 12345
12345 (process ID) old priority 0, new priority -10

# 实时调度策略
# chrt -f -p 50 12345
pid 12345’s new scheduling policy: SCHED_FIFO
pid 12345’s new scheduling priority: 50

# 查看进程调度策略
# chrt -p 12345
pid 12345’s current scheduling policy: SCHED_FIFO
pid 12345’s current scheduling priority: 50

# 查看进程CPU使用
# pidstat -p ALL 1 3
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu-server01.fgedu.net.cn) 04/03/2026 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

10:00:00 AM UID PID %usr %system %guest %wait %CPU CPU Command
10:00:01 AM 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 systemd
10:00:01 AM 0 123 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 systemd-journal
10:00:01 AM 0 456 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 systemd-udevd

# 查看文件系统挂载选项
# mount | grep -E “xfs|ext4”
/dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k)
/dev/sdb1 on /data type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,noquota)

# 查看XFS文件系统信息
# xfs_info /data
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=6553600 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=26214400, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=12800, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

# 优化XFS挂载选项
# mount -o remount,noatime,nodiratime,logbufs=8,logbsize=256k /data

# 查看ext4文件系统信息
# tune2fs -l /dev/sdc1 | grep -E “Block size|Inode size|Reserved block count”
Block size: 4096
Inode size: 256
Reserved block count: 262144

# 优化ext4文件系统
# tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sdc1

# 查看文件系统缓存
# cat /proc/fs/xfs/stat | head -20
xfsstats 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

# 查看文件描述符使用
# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
12345 0 6815744

# 查看inode使用
# df -i
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_root-lv_root 26214400 123456 26090944 1% /
/dev/sdb1 52428800 56789 52372011 1% /data
/dev/sdc1 10485760 12345 10473415 1% /backup

# 查看磁盘配额
# xfs_quota -x -c ‘report -h’ /data
User quota on /data (/dev/sdb1)
Blocks
User ID Used Soft Hard Warn/ Grace
———- ———————————
root 0 0 0 00 [——–]
fengge 50G 80G 100G 00 [——–]
oracle 200G 300G 500G 00 [——–]

# 使用vmstat监控
# vmstat 1 5
procs ———–memory———- —swap– —–io—- -system– ——cpu—–
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
1 0 0 120000000 1024000 2048000 0 0 0 1 5 8 5 2 93 0 0
0 0 0 120000000 1024000 2048000 0 0 0 0 1234 2345 5 2 93 0 0
0 0 0 120000000 1024000 2048000 0 0 0 0 1234 2345 5 2 93 0 0
0 0 0 120000000 1024000 2048000 0 0 0 0 1234 2345 5 2 93 0 0
0 0 0 120000000 1024000 2048000 0 0 0 0 1234 2345 5 2 93 0 0

# 使用mpstat监控CPU
# mpstat -P ALL 1 3
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu-server01.fgedu.net.cn) 04/03/2026 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

10:00:00 AM CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle
10:00:01 AM all 5.21 0.00 2.05 0.10 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.24
10:00:01 AM 0 5.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 93.00
10:00:01 AM 1 5.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.00
10:00:01 AM 2 5.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 93.00

# 使用iostat监控磁盘
# iostat -xmt 1 3
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu-server01.fgedu.net.cn) 04/03/2026 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

04/03/2026 10:00:00 AM
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
5.21 0.00 2.05 0.10 0.00 92.64

Device r/s w/s rMB/s wMB/s aqu-sz await r_await w_await svctm %util
sda 0.50 1.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.03
sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

# 使用sar监控系统
# sar -u 1 3
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu-server01.fgedu.net.cn) 04/03/2026 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

10:00:00 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
10:00:01 AM all 5.21 0.00 2.05 0.10 0.00 92.64
10:00:02 AM all 5.15 0.00 2.10 0.05 0.00 92.70
10:00:03 AM all 5.25 0.00 2.00 0.15 0.00 92.60
Average: all 5.20 0.00 2.05 0.10 0.00 92.65

# 使用perf分析性能
# perf record -g -p 12345 sleep 10
[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
[ perf record: Captured and wrote 1.234 MB perf.data (12345 samples) ]

# perf report –stdio
# Overhead Command Shared Object Symbol
# …….. ……. ………………. ………………….
#
12.34% oracle libpthread-2.28.so [.] pthread_mutex_lock
8.56% oracle libc-2.28.so [.] malloc
6.78% oracle oracle [.] kcbgtcr
5.43% oracle oracle [.] kcbgcur
4.21% oracle oracle [.] kcrf_commit_force

# 使用strace跟踪系统调用
# strace -c -p 12345
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
—— ———– ———– ——— ——— —————-
25.00 0.012345 12 1000 read
20.00 0.009876 10 987 write
15.00 0.007654 15 500 open
10.00 0.005432 11 498 close
8.00 0.004321 8 540 stat
—— ———– ———– ——— ——— —————-
100.00 0.049345 3525 total

# 生产环境推荐内核参数配置
# cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf << 'EOF' # 网络优化 net.core.rmem_max = 16777216 net.core.wmem_max = 16777216 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000 net.core.somaxconn = 65535 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192 # 内存优化 vm.swappiness = 10 vm.dirty_ratio = 20 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5 vm.overcommit_memory = 2 vm.overcommit_ratio = 80 # 文件系统优化 fs.file-max = 6815744 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 # 内核优化 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 kernel.shmmni = 4096 kernel.panic = 10 EOF # 应用配置 # sysctl -p