# 安装MySQL数据库
# yum install -y mysql-server

# 启动MySQL服务
# systemctl start mysqld
# systemctl enable mysqld

# 查看MySQL服务状态
# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service – MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2026-03-30 10:00:00 CST; 1h ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 12345 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld –daemonize –pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 12346 (mysqld)
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─12346 /usr/sbin/mysqld –daemonize –pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

# 配置MySQL
# mysql_secure_installation

Securing the MySQL server deployment.

Enter password for user root:

VALIDATE PASSWORD PLUGIN can be used to test passwords
and improve security. It checks the strength of password
and allows the users to set only those passwords which are
secure enough. Would you like to setup VALIDATE PASSWORD plugin?

Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No:

Please set the password for root here.

New password:

Re-enter new password:

By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them. This is intended only for
testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
You should remove them before moving into a production
environment.

Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No): y
Success.

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
‘fgedudb’. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No): y
Success.

By default, MySQL comes with a database named ‘test’ that
anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
and should be removed before moving into a production
environment.

Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No): y
– Dropping test database…
Success.
– Removing privileges on test database…
Success.

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No): y
Success.

All done!

# 连接MySQL数据库
# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 123
Server version: 8.0.28 MySQL Community Server – GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

# 查看数据库状态
mysql> SHOW STATUS;
+————————–+————+
| Variable_name | Value |
+————————–+————+
| Aborted_clients | 0 |
| Aborted_connects | 0 |
| Binlog_cache_disk_use | 0 |
| Binlog_cache_use | 0 |
| Bytes_received | 152 |
| Bytes_sent | 1440 |
| Com_admin_commands | 0 |
| Com_begin | 0 |
| Com_commit | 0 |
| Com_delete | 0 |
| Com_insert | 0 |
| Com_select | 1 |
| Com_update | 0 |
| Connections | 1 |
| Created_tmp_disk_tables | 0 |
| Created_tmp_tables | 0 |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_data | 21 |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_free | 1006 |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_total | 1027 |
| Innodb_buffer_pool_size | 16777216 |
+————————–+————+

# 优化表
mysql> OPTIMIZE TABLE users;
+———-+———-+———-+—————————–+
| Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text |
+———-+———-+———-+—————————–+
| test.users | optimize | status | OK |
+———-+———-+———-+—————————–+

# 查看数据库列表
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+——————–+
| Database |
+——————–+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+——————–+

# 使用mysqldump备份数据库
# mysqldump -u root -p test > test_backup.sql
Enter password:

# 查看备份文件大小
# ls -lh test_backup.sql
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 1.2K Mar 30 10:00 test_backup.sql

# 恢复数据库
# mysql -u root -p test < test_backup.sql Enter password: # 使用xtrabackup备份数据库 # xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/mysql xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/var/lib/mysql xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --backup=1 --target-dir=/backup/mysql xtrabackup version 8.0.28 based on MySQL server 8.0.28 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 12345) xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysql xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration: xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./ xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2 xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648 xtrabackup: using O_DIRECT xtrabackup: creating backup directory /backup/mysql xtrabackup: backup directory /backup/mysql successfully created xtrabackup: starting threads to backup non-InnoDB tables and files xtrabackup: backuptables xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.frm' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.ibd' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Backing up file '/var/lib/mysql/ibtmp1' to '/backup/mysql/ibtmp1' xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.opt' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.cnf' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Backing up file '/var/lib/mysql/ib_buffer_pool' to '/backup/mysql/ib_buffer_pool' xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.pid' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Backing up files '/var/lib/mysql/*.sock' to '/backup/mysql' xtrabackup: Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files xtrabackup: Starting to backup InnoDB tables and files xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB tablespace 'innodb_system' xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB tablespace 'innodb_undo_001' xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB tablespace 'innodb_undo_002' xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB tablespace 'test/users' xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB tablespace 'test/orders' xtrabackup: Backing up InnoDB log files xtrabackup: Backing up file './ib_logfile0' xtrabackup: Backing up file './ib_logfile1' xtrabackup: Finished backing up InnoDB tables and files xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (12345) to (67890) was backed up xtrabackup: MySQL binlog position: filename 'binlog.000001', position '12345' xtrabackup: Finished backup at 2026-03-30 10:00:00 xtrabackup: Writing backup-my.cnf xtrabackup: Redo log (from LSN 12345 to 67890) was generated. xtrabackup: This log was created and must be applied in order for the backup to be consistent. xtrabackup: So, please set innodb_log_file_size to at least 50331648 in my.cnf xtrabackup: and copy the generated ib_logfile0 and ib_logfile1 to MySQL datadir. xtrabackup: Log copied to '/backup/mysql/ib_logfile0' xtrabackup: Log copied to '/backup/mysql/ib_logfile1' xtrabackup: This backup was taken with the --backup option. xtrabackup: The xtrabackup binary can be used to restore it. xtrabackup: The directory '/backup/mysql' is now ready for use as a backup.

# 查看慢查询日志
# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow.log
long_query_time = 1

# 重启MySQL服务
# systemctl restart mysqld

# 查看慢查询日志
# tail -f /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow.log
# Time: 2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z
# User@Host: root[root] @ fgedudb [] Id: 1
# Query_time: 1.234567 Lock_time: 0.000000 Rows_sent: 1000 Rows_examined: 1000000
SET timestamp=1234567890;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 30;

# 优化查询
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 30;
+—-+————-+——-+————+——+—————+——+———+——+———+———-+————-+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+—-+————-+——-+————+——+—————+——+———+——+———+———-+————-+
| 1 | SIMPLE | users | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1000000 | 33.33 | Using where |
+—-+————-+——-+————+——+—————+——+———+——+———+———-+————-+

# 创建索引
mysql> CREATE INDEX idx_age ON users(age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.23 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

# 再次执行查询
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 30;
+—-+————-+——-+————+——-+—————+———+———+——+——–+———-+————-+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+—-+————-+——-+————+——-+—————+———+———+——+——–+———-+————-+
| 1 | SIMPLE | users | NULL | range | idx_age | idx_age | 4 | NULL | 333333 | 100.00 | Using where |
+—-+————-+——-+————+——-+—————+———+———+——+——–+———-+————-+

# 优化MySQL配置
# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1G
innodb_log_file_size = 256M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
max_connections = 1000
query_cache_size = 0
query_cache_type = 0

# 查看MySQL错误日志
# tail -f /var/log/mysqld.log
2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to lock ./ibdata1, error: 11
2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to open the first data file
2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Plugin initialization aborted with error Generic error
2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z 0 [ERROR] MySQL Server – Different lower_case_table_names settings for server (‘1’) and data dictionary (‘0’).
2026-03-30T10:00:00.000000Z 0 [ERROR] Aborting

# 检查数据库连接
# mysqladmin -u root -p ping
Enter password:
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
mysql is alive

# 检查数据库进程
# ps aux | grep mysql
mysql 12346 0.5 1.0 1234567 102400 ? Sl 10:00 0:01 /usr/sbin/mysqld –daemonize –pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
root 12347 0.0 0.0 123456 1234 pts/0 S+ 10:01 0:00 grep –color=auto mysql

# 检查数据库端口
# netstat -tulpn | grep mysql
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 12346/mysqld

# 创建数据库用户
mysql> CREATE USER ‘user1’@’fgedudb’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘password123’;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 授予用户权限
mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON test.* TO ‘user1’@’fgedudb’;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 查看用户权限
mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR ‘user1’@’fgedudb’;
+————————————————-+
| Grants for user1@fgedudb |
+————————————————-+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO `user1`@`fgedudb` |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON `test`.* TO `user1`@`fgedudb` |
+————————————————-+

# 修改用户密码
mysql> ALTER USER ‘user1’@’fgedudb’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘newpassword123’;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 删除用户
mysql> DROP USER ‘user1’@’fgedudb’;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 配置密码策略
# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
validate_password_policy = STRONG
validate_password_length = 8
validate_password_mixed_case_count = 1
validate_password_number_count = 1
validate_password_special_char_count = 1