# 分区管理
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): +100G

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

# 创建物理卷
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume “/dev/sdb1” successfully created.

# 创建卷组
# vgcreate vgdata /dev/sdb1
Volume group “vgdata” successfully created

# 创建逻辑卷
# lvcreate -L 50G -n lvdata vgdata
Logical volume “lvdata” created.

# 格式化逻辑卷
# mkfs.xfs /dev/vgdata/lvdata

# 挂载逻辑卷
# mkdir /data
# mount /dev/vgdata/lvdata /data

# 添加到/etc/fstab
# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/vgdata-lvdata /data xfs defaults 0 0

# 扩展逻辑卷
# lvextend -L +50G /dev/vgdata/lvdata
# xfs_growfs /dev/vgdata/lvdata

# 临时修改SELinux模式
# setenforce 0 # 改为permissive模式
# setenforce 1 # 改为enforcing模式

# 永久修改SELinux模式
# vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=enforcing

# 管理SELinux上下文
# ls -Z /var/www/html
-rw-r–r–. root root system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 index.html

# 修改SELinux上下文
# chcon -t httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/html/file.html

# 查看SELinux布尔值
# getsebool -a | grep httpd
httpd_anon_write –> off
httpd_builtin_scripting –> on
httpd_can_check_spam –> off

# 修改SELinux布尔值
# setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect on

# 查看SELinux日志
# ausearch -m AVC,USER_AVC -ts recent

# 查看系统资源使用情况
# sar -u 1 5
Linux 5.4.17-2136.302.7.2.el7uek.x86_64 (fgedu.net.cn) 2026-03-30 _x86_64_ (32 CPU)

10:30:00 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
10:30:01 AM all 5.00 0.00 2.00 0.50 0.00 92.50
10:30:02 AM all 5.20 0.00 2.10 0.40 0.00 92.30
10:30:03 AM all 4.80 0.00 1.90 0.60 0.00 92.70
10:30:04 AM all 5.10 0.00 2.00 0.50 0.00 92.40
10:30:05 AM all 4.90 0.00 1.95 0.55 0.00 92.60

# 监控磁盘I/O
# iostat -x 1 5

# 监控网络流量
# netstat -tuln

# 查看进程占用资源
# ps aux –sort=-%cpu | head -10

# 监控系统日志
# journalctl -f

# 安装和配置Prometheus
# wget https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/v2.30.3/prometheus-2.30.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
# tar -xzf prometheus-2.30.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
# cd prometheus-2.30.3.linux-amd64
# ./prometheus –config.file=prometheus.yml

# 系统备份脚本
#!/bin/bash

# 定义变量
BACKUP_DIR=”/backup”
DATE=$(date +”%Y-%m-%d”)
SERVER_NAME=$(hostname)

# 创建备份目录
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR/$DATE

# 备份重要文件
tar -czf $BACKUP_DIR/$DATE/etc_backup.tar.gz /etc
tar -czf $BACKUP_DIR/$DATE/home_backup.tar.gz /home

# 备份数据库
if [ -f /usr/bin/mysql ]; then
mysqldump -u root -p –all-databases > $BACKUP_DIR/$DATE/mysql_backup.sql
fi

# 清理过期备份
find $BACKUP_DIR -type d -mtime +7 -exec rm -rf {} \;

echo “Backup completed successfully!”

# 系统检查脚本
#!/bin/bash

echo “=== System Check Report ===”
echo “Date: $(date)”
echo “Hostname: $(hostname)”
echo “”

echo “=== Disk Usage ===”
df -h

echo “”
echo “=== Memory Usage ===”
free -h

echo “”
echo “=== CPU Usage ===”
top -b -n 1 | head -20

echo “”
echo “=== Network Status ===”
ip addr

echo “”
echo “=== System Load ===”
uptime

# 批量管理脚本
#!/bin/bash

# 服务器列表
SERVERS=(“server01” “server02” “server03”)

# 执行命令
for server in “${SERVERS[@]}”; do
echo “=== $server ===”
ssh $server “$1”
done

# 查看Docker状态
# docker info

# 拉取镜像
# docker pull nginx
# docker pull mysql:5.7

# 运行容器
# docker run -d –name nginx -p 80:80 nginx
# docker run -d –name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=P@ssw0rd mysql:5.7

# 查看容器状态
# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
1234567890ab nginx “/docker-entrypoint.…” 5 minutes ago Up 5 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx
234567890abc mysql:5.7 “docker-entrypoint.s…” 10 minutes ago Up 10 minutes 0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp mysql

# 进入容器
# docker exec -it nginx bash

# 查看容器日志
# docker logs nginx

# 停止容器
# docker stop nginx

# 启动容器
# docker start nginx

# 构建自定义镜像
# vi Dockerfile
FROM centos:7
RUN yum install -y httpd
COPY index.html /var/www/html/
EXPOSE 80
CMD [“/usr/sbin/httpd”, “-D”, “FOREGROUND”]

# 构建镜像
# docker build -t myhttpd .

# 运行自定义镜像
# docker run -d –name myhttpd -p 8080:80 myhttpd

# 系统升级
# yum upgrade -y

# 升级到新版本
# yum install -y centos-release-stream
# dnf system-upgrade download –releasever=8
# dnf system-upgrade reboot

# 系统备份
# tar -czf /backup/system_backup.tar.gz /etc /home /var/www

# 系统迁移
# 使用rsync进行文件同步
# rsync -avz –progress /source/ user@destination:/destination/

# 迁移系统到新硬盘
# 1. 分区新硬盘
# fdisk /dev/sdb

# 2. 创建文件系统
# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1

# 3. 挂载新硬盘
# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

# 4. 同步系统文件
# rsync -avz –exclude=/proc –exclude=/sys –exclude=/dev –exclude=/tmp –exclude=/mnt / /mnt/

# 5. 配置启动
# grub2-install /dev/sdb
# chroot /mnt
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
# exit

# 6. 修改/etc/fstab
# vi /mnt/etc/fstab
/dev/sdb1 / xfs defaults 0 0